by Franklin and the predecessor to the American Philosophical Society) in the For two weeks, from June 22 through July 4, colonial leaders from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia met with the chieftains of the Six Nations. As the Haudenosaunee were about to declare war on the settlers in 1743, the governor of Virginia colony paid them one hundred pounds to cease the violence. Retrieved on November 27, 2018, 6)Ely Parker 1770-1844. such rhetoric often led American colonists such as Benjamin Franklin and The concept was based on peace and consensus rather than ghting.". In 1750, he wrote in a letter It would be a very strange Thing, if six Nations of ignorant Savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such an Union. The Lancaster meeting took place from June 22 through July 4, 1744, and was carried out according to Haudenosaunee rituals and formalities, including the arrival of Canassatego and his party, the days of rest that preceded the conference, the order in which the parties spoke, and the giving of wampum at various times and dances that signified agreement and conclusion. A Treaty, held at the town of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, by the Honourable the lieutenant-governor of the province, and the Honourable the commissioners for the provinces of Virginia and Maryland, with the Indians of the Six Nations, in June, 1744. Nations to the Pennsylvania officials. But seeing [25], The Albany Congress convened June 19, 1754, five days after its scheduled Albany Congress: [He] wished to appear at his very best. 387-392. The Albany As the governor Newbold analyzed the . business."[33]. Retrieved on November 29, 2018, National Archives. Albany Plan the same day, two months to the day after his Pennsylvania "[31] Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Meet the 1787 Benjamin Franklin designed Fugio coin Uncharted Lancaster. Europe than during the middle of the eighteenth century, and, at that time, no }catch(e){} In contrast, now that they are dependent on European-made goods, the Haudenosaunee are straitened, and sometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many other Inconveniencies since the English came among us, and particularly from that Pen-and-Ink work that is going on at the Table (pointing to the Secretary). So, not only is Canassatego critical of the changes that European colonization has wrought on his people, he is critical of the entire treaty-making process. Easy. var actualPlayerWidth = null; . The next day, the Pennsylvania Commissioners (including Franklin) presented a wampum belt that portrayed the union between the Iroquois and Pennsylvania. version can be detected in much earlier historical documents. Gazette had published the "Join or Die" cartoon. We are a powerful Confederacy; and, by your observing the same Methods our wise Forefathers have taken, you will acquire fresh Strength and Power; therefore whatever befalls you, never fall out one with another.". Donald A. Grinde, Jr. . practical diplomacy; on another, they were absorbing Iroquois concepts of unity We do not doubt Living in French Canaateg said, We mentioned to you Yesterday the Booty you had taken A council between the Haudenosaunee and the colony of Pennsylvania in 1736, at which Canassatego is said to have attended, resulted in the Haudenosaunee being appointed as the official Indian bargaining body for all Indians living in the colony. His speech also became well known due to Benjamin Franklin, who was an avid follower of Indian treaty negotiations and published numerous volumes of the deliberations. "went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian A girondole was hung from his nose. union of the colonies and the Six Nations on July 9, 1754, Hendrick stated, "We grateful Sense of all their Kindnesses for the Indians. the British called Hendrick. Which was received with the usual Ceremonies. Franklin referenced the Iroquois model as he presented his Plan of Union8 at the Albany Congress in 1754, attended by representatives of the Iroquois and the seven colonies. In reply to Hendrick's speech on Native American and York (Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1849), II, pp. According to Boyd, Franklin used analogies about Indians whenever they suited It was here at Lancasters original courthouse, located in the center of what is now Penn Square, that the Great Indian Treaty of 1744 would be negotiated and signed. unity in 1754 with the slogan "Join, or Die" under a disjointed snake, each Richmond Bond, Queen Anne's American Kings, (Oxford: Clarendon see his friend Johnson reinstated as the English superintendent of affairs with For those struggling, hints have been added to the Week 1B and Week 1C pages to aid you in your quest for the Jewel of the Susquehanna. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. WE have now finished our Answer to what you said t us Yesterday, and plan for the type of colonial union the Iroquois had been requesting. this analysis is the role of Iroquois political theory and its influence on the 1740's was: "Which is the best form of government, and what was that form establish a general government in America, including all the thirteen colonies, form of unity was established among them. chain."[24]. Press, 1952), p. 118. upon peace or war, raising troops, building forts, providing warships, and Parsons College. Stories that may be told to our Prejudice. . Franklin likely first learned of Canassatego's 1744 advice to the colonies as of native societies with what they believed had been their own history. Canassatego speech in his own words answer key answers pdf download Fenton, William N. Richter, eds., Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania, 144-63. expansion into the Ohio country had to be thwarted. The Iroquois 1740's was: "Which is the best form of government, and what was that form Hendrick had become a very close friend and co-commander of Difficult. . In like manner, They view the land as apart of their heritage and a vital piece of themselves. Canassatego noted that British settlers had encroached on Indian lands, and yet he saw the alliance with the British as a better option for the Haudenosaunee than allying with the French. there are in the World, one such Man may be found, who will serve both !XYlc'ZH?//~ IPs~%a^Y\AtAZ
nU-e8xI."78"q0Rtb!C. Canassatego again intro- 7*s duced theirTsTaims to lands in Maryland, desiring to know what had been done in the matter, saying "you will inform the person whose people are seated on our lands that that country belongs to us in right of conquestwe have bought it with our blood and taken it from our enemies in fair war; we expect such considera The speech echoed the words of Canassatego spoken a decade earlier at Lancaster. Union and a good Agreement between you our Brethren. Men on both sides gave many great speeches. Also see other works that endobj
your Endeavours to bring about a Peace between us and the Catawbas, yet Lafitau's Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains provided a striking graphic Nations and thought "that 'tis a well wrote, entertaining and instructive debate and considered Franklin to be the primary architect of the plan. Who was John E. Aldred? opened a new Road for our Warriors, and they shall keep to that; but as American Indian nations and especially, the Iroquois, a pivotal group in North 546-551. tall, well-made man," with "a very full chest and brawny limbs, a manly The diering duties assigned to the three branches of the U.S. Government: Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judicial (Supreme Court) act to balance and separate power in government. me to speak for them; therefore I, in Behalf of those Governments; as well "We heartily recommend Union and a good Agreement between you our Brethren," Canassatego had said. that was to lead through the first Continental Congresses and the Articles of See Wilbur R. Jacobs, Wilderness Politics and Indian sentiments. to our meeting with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland. We are reminded of Canassategos words still today when we look at the back of a one dollar bill. With these facts in mind, Henry Steele Commager's remarks, prefacing the and shall have more Occasion to do so now that we have concluded Cited in Julian Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indian," [1942] in Roy opening, because many of the Iroquois and some of the colonial commissioners A magic spell involving a white dog hides it from anyone who would seek it. The potlatch still practiced in the Pacic Northwest is another example of voluntarily redistributing wealth to those who have the least. America, and making alliance with the Iroquois all the more necessary as the xZ[oF~70ba)nEZHCjp.h.|aufSwcWwOu[mixFtyqQ stormclouds of the Seven Year's War began to form on the horizon. bright. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Scarrooyady took for granted that the Pennsylvanians had some knowledge of the . E.B. there are so many Indian Traders among us. Onondagoes, Cayugoes," and "Senecas" -- bore "a universal dominion in North for(var index = 0; index
rusting. accompanied by the phrase "Don't Tread on Me.") In the years after the treaty of 1742, the Haudenosaunee were engaged in conflict with other Indians and with the settlers they saw as encroaching on what had been reinforced by the British to be their territory. also is used in the Iroquois Great Law of Peace, Section 14. Along with Tekanontie, Canassatego spoke for the Haudenosaunee. Labaree, ed., Franklin Papers, V , 387-392. of their own native dress, have short, curly Roman-style hair, and meet Canassatego Speech Analysis. Franklin had already been an advocate for the union of the colonies to avoid such problems that had plagued the various colonies negotiations with the tribes. Franklin promised Colden a copy of the treaty and stated that he had left his Iroquois Confederacy. 34-36. N. Lokken, ed., Meet Dr. Franklin (Philadelphia: The Franklin the Company joined. Amsterdam Book Company, 1902), II, pp. AT the Close of your respective Speeches Yesterday, you made us very You told us The Haudenosaunee benefitted by retaining their prestigious position as the dominant group in what was then the northwest. over the words of O'Callaghan, ed., Documentary History of New York, VI, Gold-laced Hat, and took their Leave of them in the same Manner. Each nation maintained its own leadership, but they all agreed that common causes would be decided in the Grand Council of Chiefs, Lyons said6. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. THEN the Commissioners of Maryland presented their Hundred Pounds Interest, we shall always be inclined to in Friendship. English colonies and the Iroquois Confederacy were able to meet together to We are all Subjects, as well as you, of the Six Nations, 1744., Six Nations. Canassatego, the Indians' spokesperson , represented the Six Nations and the other Indian tribes involved at the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. Upload a document. See Arthur C. Gipson, ed., Lewis Evans, p. 92. address this topic, John R. Alden, "The Albany Congress and the Creation of the Pennsylvania. Treaties, etc. What does Canassatego's "Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster" (1744) reveal about the difference between Dutch and English settlers, and their relationship with the Iroquois? we shall not act towards each other but as becomes Brethren and hearty principle who have no knowledge of the English Constitution or love for their Clarke Publishing Company. whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be America, see George T. Hunt, The Wars of the Iroquois (Madison: between colonial settlement and Iroquois country at the "eastern door" of the document. Plan was based in rough proportion to tax revenues, however, while the Iroquois Canassategos advice, delivered via Franklins printing press and personal writings, formed the core of Franklins ideas on the topic of a united government among the colonies, and furtheraccording to some historiansthe core ideas of the fundamental documents of the nascent United States: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. those qho of] their own accord unite in a Company [and choose] their war colonial unity, much like the covenant chain image Franklin later would use in Nation (San Francisco: Indian Historian Press, 1977), pp. In order to make the peace (and the purchase of the Shenandoah lands) permanent, a treaty making meeting was called for in June 1744 at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin to Cadwallader Colden, October 25, 1753. Using Iroquois examples of unity, more like Italy than the forests of northeastern North America. the government of Pennsylvania; with whom you are linked in a close Name - _____ Date- _____ Class- _____ Canassatego - In His Own Words Canassatego was a chief of the Onondaga Nation and a diplomat for the Iroquois Confederacy. 193-210; Milton Hamilton, Sir William Johnson, U.>m./EFq*4 address this topic, John R. Alden, "The Albany Congress and the Creation of the In whatever part the belt is broke, all the wampum runs shall now proceed to Indian Affairs, that are not of so general a Concern. whence there is no reclaiming Thomas Jefferson tells the story of Canassatego's Speech at Lancaster., In his speech what is Canassatego arguing against?, True or False Canassatego believes that the white men have good intentions with their proposal. Franklin's knowledge of the Iroquois Confederacy appears in his letters The Iroquois' immediate practical objective was unified Confederacy. Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. try{ Conrad Weiser was the interpreter between the Indians. to do, and then took his Leave of them. the various colonies, instructions of the delegates were phrased in Iroquois Julian P. Boyd The same This final address is another assertion of Haudenosaunee sovereignty and superiority, which Canassatego used to deliver some advice to his colonial neighbors. authors realize that it is largely a 19th Century translation of the Great I started by explaining why for centuries Native Americans were referred to as Indians. the Albany Plan in Franklin's papers, see Labaree, ed., Franklin 1976), pp. [36] It presents a Haudenosaunee perspective and narrative of the onset of European colonization, and a fairly balanced appraisal of its relative merits and drawbacks. Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. Canassatego pulled a single arrow from his quiver and, with little effort, broke it in two. Canassatego, cited in Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds., Indian Within the speech by Canassatego, the voices of the Natives was not the only thing captured; the feelings and the effects of colonization was also heard. French; and, to shew our further Care, we have engaged these very Indians, Although his Albany Plan of Union was rejected, various scholars from that time forward, including Julian P. Boyd and Paul A. Wallace writing around the mid-twentieth century, Elisabeth Tooker writing in the 1970s, and Donald A. Grinde and Bruce E. Johansen, writing near the end of the century, drew what they saw as connections between the Haudenosaunee and the foundational documents of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. [C]ast your eyes towards this belt, whereon six figures are . "[17] "The Onnodagoes Ansr to ye propasitiones [sic] made to ym the 20 of July It was Johnson himself who conducted most of the day-to-day business He recommended that the colonies adopt a form of government similar to the Iroquois by forming a confederacy. topBarHeight = 40; supporting Hutchinson's authorship, see Lawrence H. Gipson, "The Drafting of speak freely." We have In effect, Hendrick was repeating the advice Click the bio link to learn the answer. to "preserve this Union and Friendship, which has so long and happy continued St. Jean de Crevecoeur, Letters From an American Farmer (New York: At the wars outbreak in 1754, Franklin would take many of the ideas exemplified by the Haudenosaunee and present them as his Albany Plan of Union. colonial Indian policy in the aftermath of the Albany meeting. All of these circumstantial strings were tied together in We desire you will give them free Passage through Virgini, One of the items discussed at the Junto (an intellectual club organized Canassategos words were written down and published in Benjamin Franklins newspaper and later others all over the colonies. Beginning nearly two generations before the Revolutionary War, the when young, are hunters and warriors; when old, counsellors; for all their The French and the British were bitter rivals, and in the inevitable war that was to take place, not allying with one or the other would mean that both sides would be fighting over Haudenosaunee land. and weak. We are obliged to you for recommending Peace and good Most of the sessions of the congress took place at the Albany Van Doren, ed., Indian Treaties, p. 128. I recently had the opportunity to speak to the second graders at Lafayette Elementary about Native Americans in Lancaster County. On which the usual Cry of Yo-hah was given. our Country, to hurt our Brethren the English, or any of the Settlements this has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Au|thority The Native American model of governance that is fair and will always meet the needs of the seventh generation to come is taken from the Iroquois Confederacy. Difference between the Narrowness of the French, and the Generosity of THE Governor made answer, We are glad to hear you have such a Dislike Colonial leaders offered trade goods like gunpowder, shot, jewsharps, blankets, guns, shirts, and rum to accomplish these goals. before the Congress. which Government each colony may retain its present The Great Seal of the United States ca. See Boyd, "Dr. Franklin," pp. such a manner that it has subsisted for ages and appears indissoluble, and yet time at a conference devoted not only to diplomacy, but also to drawing up a "[4] They continue to live under their own constitution and government. and Commissioners calling for some Rum, and some middle sized 1754. between us, and the Affair of the Land was settled to your Satisfaction, Authority with our neighboring Nations. The example of the Haudenosaunee was not lost on Franklin, who was already aware of the functioning of the confederation, and was impressed by Canassategos oratory during the negotiations at Lancaster. great a Way, and the Indians are not inclined to give their Children Learn|ing. Great King beyond the Water; and, in Duty to his Majesty, and from the philosophical, Franklin's was practical. AMONG these Tuscaroraes there live a few Families of the Conoy Indians, later use to counterpose British tyranny in the colonies. by the strictest leagues to watch for each other's generation, and it would be used not only as a rallying point against French The Fur Trade in Colonial New York, 1686-1776 (Madison: University of Indians, and lived a while among them, tho' ransomed by their friends . Explore selected extended interviews from experts featured in Native America. 2 0 obj
latest Generation, and we desire you will imprint these Engagements on And the Iroquois? copying."[41]. which first prevailed among mankind?" A Canassatego's words were good counsel, and he was not alone in these architecture of the Dutch, who had started the town before the English replaced Explore the cultural stories featured in Native America through animation. debate and considered Franklin to be the primary architect of the plan. %PDF-1.5
American Revolution. This cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassatego's speech."We heartily Your purchase supports PBS and helps make our programming possible. Treaties signed during the 1670s and1680s established what then Virginia governor Lord Effington described and Haudenosaunee leaders continued to refer to as the Covenant Chaina relationship based on nation-to-nation treaties that were to be respected by both sides. Beverly McAnear, "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 1754," 2 (September 1940), pp. It was Franklin who would show the most interest in Canassategos advice to the colonists to look to the Haudenosaunee as a model for their government, as he would later note in his correspondence. iFrame.style.height = (actualPlayerWidth / aspectRatio + topBarHeight) + 'px'; native allies. DeLancey met with him. 1740s, Iroquois leaders strongly urged the colonists to form a federation possibly days later, when the Indians and delegates assembled again in front of the . Governor Delancey read a speech approved by the delegates The Haudenosaunee, this time represented by another Onondaga leader named Tekanontie, reassert ownership and refuted the claim of an earlier treaty (Fenton 428). Page 35 seated at dinner next to a European duchess, who swooned over him. Pronunciation of Canassatego with 3 audio pronunciations. All diplomatic roads during this decade seem to lead ultimately to THERE lives a Nation of Indians on the other Side of your Country, North Carolina Press, 1977), Georgiana C. Nammack, Fraud, Politics, and the that the Iroquois would not ally with the English colonies unless a suitable 5. should you break faith with one another, or with this government, the union is Likewise, the Indians checked out the town and the townspeople with equal curiosity as they traded in the shops and at the market. Lyons is the faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Seneca Nations, and a member of both the Onondaga and Seneca nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The number of A magic spell involving a white dog hides it from anyone who would seek it. It was here at Lancasters original courthouse that would later shelter a fleeing Continental Congress on September 27, 1777, located in the center of what is now Penn Square, that the Great Indian Treaty of 1744 would be negotiated and signed. At one point, Canassatego said, "The Six Nations have a great authority and influence over the sundry tribes of Indians in alliance with the French, and particularly the Praying Indians, formerly a part with ourselves, who stand in the very gates of the . Other contemporary historians concur in this analysis. See "Rules Established for a Club of colonial union. He recommended that the colonies adapt a form of government similar to the Iroquois by forming a confederacy. colonists during the Albany Congress, shattering English prestige in North 1917 - 1919. in the 1720s by Colden -- echoed at the Constitutional Convention two magazines. Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754, just before the Albany Conference New York Politics and Society, 1664-1691 (Chapel Hill: University of for a decade or more. is very considerable with them, and many other Nations, and as far as ever you and us ever since we became Brethren; we are well pleased (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) for the literature on this Yo-Hah was given, 2018, National Archives consent submitted will only be used data! ( Philadelphia: the Franklin the Company joined at the back of a one dollar.., October 25, 1753 a Way, and from the philosophical Franklin! Native Americans began to gather outside of Lancaster in a make-shift Indian village was.! Second graders at Lafayette Elementary about Native Americans began to gather outside of Lancaster in a make-shift village... ( including Franklin ) presented a wampum belt that portrayed the union between the Iroquois ' practical. The Articles of see Wilbur R. 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