Web site: http://www.hubbell.com Marine lights are available in five output colors with 12-24 VDC power supply. Located in Des Plaines, Illinois, Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures. During World War II, both companies stopped making their standard product lines in order to produce materials for the war effort. Since then, Thomas Lighting has seen a growth in size and reputation. To accommodate the expansion of the compressor line, Thomas built a second, 126,000-square foot plant in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The company's 1998 annual report noted that, "Thomas Industries, formerly a two-core business, has now become a company focused on significantly growing its already world-class compressor and vacuum pump business.". specification downlighting. Most telematics systems simply relay information on driver behaviour to the traffic office where it can be analysed and used to correct aspects of . To better order and manage the business, the company was split into five operating divisions. The first, Oliver-MacLeod Limited, of Ontario, was a manufacturer of insulated chimneys and fireplaces. The year 1957 saw the addition of the Radiant Glass Company of Fort Smith, Arkansas, a producer of street lighting globes and opalware glass for lighting fixtures. The 1980s began with a divestiture, a closing, and two moves. In 1963, the company opened a new 250,000-square foot lighting fixture plant in Sparta, Tennessee, to replace the Benjamin Electric facility in Illinois, which was then closed. Headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, Thomas Industries has more than 25 manufacturing and distribution facilities located in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The company was founded by Reuben Berkley Benjamin and filed its first patent for an electric lamp socket in 1898. However, in recent centuries the name has lost what religious Los Angeles-based Builders Brass Works Corporation was a manufacturer of builder trim hardware and door control products; and Contempra Industries, of New Jersey produced food preparation appliances, such as yogurt makers, crepe makers, and outdoor grills. Thomas has been meeting OEM pump and compressors needs for over 70 years. Strategies for growth in this division included enhanced research and development initiatives, toward the twin goals of developing new products and finding new applications for products. P, Imo Industries Inc. Citation: SOUTH NYANZA SUGAR CO. LTD V THOMAS OMWANDO [2010] eKLR.. Thomas Industries was formed in a 1953 merger of two companies--a lighting fixture manufacturer and the maker of electrical spraying machines--both of which came into being in the late 1920s. One of the most significant expansions for this division came in 1996, however, with the acquisition of Welch Vacuum Technology. Monday through Friday: 5:00AM to 6:00PM PST Saturday & Sunday: 6:00AM to 4:00PM PST Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The final two divisions were more geographic in nature. News Briefs 20 Commercial News 24 Residential News 28 Management News 32 Tech Talk 36 Breaking News Events 16 National Realty Club Kicks Off 2023 with Luncheon Features 48 Future . In 1998, through a joint venture with competitor The Glenlyte Group Incorporated, its lighting business was spun off into a new companyGlenlyte Thomas Group LLCwhich subsequently became the third largest lighting fixture manufacturer in North America, with an estimated 13 percent domestic market share. After nearly 130 years in business and a series of breakthrough innovations that shaped the way we light up our homes, General Electric has sold its lighting division to the US-based market. Public Company This same year, Thomas opened a new residential lighting plant in Beaver Dam, Kentucky, and sold off the Wright Saw operation. Willi Schleichkorn Paris le-de-France CCI is a source of proposals, informs debates on key issues and plays an active role in the growth of local companies and the economy in its territory. This reorganization was followed closely by an expansion of the company's compressor and vacuum pumps business, with the acquisition of the Louisiana-based FL Pneumotive and a second German company, Helmut Brey, GmbH. by Thomas Lighting $208.00 Save/Compare One Light Flush Mount by Thomas Lighting From $59.40 Save/Compare Titan - 20W 1 LED Flush Mount . The 1970s were to be characterized by a similarly rapid growth rate for Thomas. Box 35120Louisville, Kentucky 40232U.S.A. A 1968 purchase added a Princeton, Indiana, paintbrush plant, whose operations were absorbed by Thomas's paint roller operation in Johnson City, Tennessee. ." U.S.A. Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648 Further growth for the lighting division came with the introduction of a patented, totally electronic fluorescent ballast. Fax: (404) 853-1, Thomas Edison State College: Tabular Data, Thomas Edison State College: Narrative Description, Thomas Edison State College: Distance Learning Programs In-Depth, Thomas Edison State College: Distance Learning Programs, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Thomas Jefferson University: Narrative Description, Thomas Jefferson University: Tabular Data, Thomas More College of Liberal Arts: Narrative Description, Thomas More College of Liberal Arts: Tabular Data, Thomas More College: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/thomas-industries-inc. The Radiant Glass Company took over production of the blown glass components for Thomas's lighting fixtures, which had previously been purchased from outside providers. U.S.A. The companies each maintained their own brand identifications and organized two separate sales forces to support the two distinct product lines. Copyright 2023 Web Solutions LLC. This industrial pendant sitting height can be adjusted with a maximum drop of 59" and the bottom of the shade measures ~19.68" in diameter. As a result of friction among the Moe-Bridges management, however, the Moe brothers were frozen out of the company in the late 1920s by the majority owners. 36901153 auction sale of 98414501 scrap released electrical machines such as thruster, rbc, ebc, lf, bcrt, power bank, 5kva transformer, battery charger, fep, datalogger, pump stater, pannel board, oil moisture test, charger, ups, etc., of diffrent size and capacity, and un serviceable to railway use with or without major / minor ferrous / non . Moe Brothers was purchased in 1948 by a Louisville investment group headed by Lee Thomas. As the lighting division expanded, Thomas made concurrent efforts to grow the air compressors and pumps operation. Along with a change in leadership brought on by the 1987 retirement of Chairman Lee Thomas came a reorganization of the corporate structure. By 1963, Thomas Industries was sprawling, both in terms of product lines and geographic distribution. One of the most significant acquisitions, and the company's largest to date, occurred in 1989 when Thomas purchased Day-Brite Lighting for $90 million. In 1997 and 1998, the company grew its Canadian operations by purchasing two niche market manufacturers: ZED, of Quebec, and Horizon/Lite Energy of Ontario. In 1998, Thomas made the most significant change in its corporate history when it merged its lighting division with major competitor, The Glenlyte Group. The company served markets in residential, office, educational, retail, healthcare, hospitality, industry, and municipal. Finally, patterning its future on its successful past, Thomas anticipated expanding into new markets via strategic partnerships, joint ventures, and acquisitions. Thomas was replaced by the company's former executive vice-president, John Beam. An existing 50,000-square foot Star Lighting plant in Los Angeles was also replaced by a new facility more than twice the size of the original. Thomas Brothers started as Moe Brothers Manufacturing, founded by Hendrick Moe in 1929. In 1962, the company acquired the Thomas Products Company of Johnson City, Tennessee, a manufacturer of paint rollers, roller pans, and roller covers. Fax: (901) 252-1306 Tom. The remainder of the 1950s were characterized by growth in the form of more acquisitions. Further growth for the lighting division came with the introduction of a patented, totally electronic fluorescent ballast. The 1970s were to be characterized by a similarly rapid growth rate for Thomas. By the end of 1971, the company had more than 2,308,300 square feet of production space in 13 plants. Frequently made of glass, metal and murano glass, every thomas industries lighting vintage was constructed with great care.Whether you're looking for an older or newer thomas industries lighting vintage, there are earlier versions available from the 20th Century and newer variations made as . The company moved into new territory in the lighting field in 1967, when it acquired Sandel Manufacturing, of Chicago, a producer of portable lamps, and the Phil-Mar Corporation, of Cleveland, a producer of ceramic lamps. The pooling of the companies made the newly formed Glenlyte Thomas the third largest lighting fixture manufacturer in North America, with a domestic market share of approximately 13 percent. The Moe Brothers, together with a number of other entrepreneurs, owned the Moe-Bridges Co., a lighting fixture manufacturer formed in 1919. In 1990, the compressors and pumps division opened a sales office in Japan, which was followed in 1992 by a sales office in Brazil. While this division may seem useful, this false inter- nal/external binary leads us away from how genres operate within cultural contexts. As an industry, electrical lighting is relatively newless than 150 years old and it originated thanks to an entrepreneur. Further growth for the lighting division came with the introduction of a patented, totally electronic fluorescent ballast. Thomas Industries expanded yet again in 1962 and 1963. Thomas management felt that the line of paint-related products would complement the Sprayit line of paint sprayers and compressors. Henrik's two sons joined the business in the early 1930s, and in 1938, the company moved its operations from Milwaukee to Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Thomass next two acquisitions were Portland Willamette Company, a major manufacturer of firescreens and fireplace accessories, and House of Mosaics, a small producer of styrene and fiberglass lamps. Two years after the merger, Thomas Industries began to diversify further, acquiring a power saw manufacturer and a Detroit-based bathroom cabinetry manufacturer. The largest OEM markets for the companys compressors and pumps are in the medical, information technology, automotive, and environmental industries. Shortly thereafter, the All Illuminating Glass operation, formerly the Radiant Glass Company, was closed. Commercial Outdoor Lighting Outdoor LED lighting helps beautify and protect your building, making sure everyone has the visibility they need. By the end of 1971, the company had more than 2,308,300 square feet of production space in 13 plants. 20. Commercial Motor. As a result of friction among the Moe-Bridges management, however, the Moe brothers were frozen out of the company in the late 1920s by the majority owners. All Wood Products was a manufacturer of wood components for the lamp and furniture industries. The company established its Asia Pacific headquarters in Hong Kong in 1997 and this same year initiated manufacturing operations in Mexico and the Czech Republic. The company employed more than 3,700 persons and had sales of $82 million. In 1971, the company diversified further by acquiring Harris & Mallow Products, Inc., a maker of decorative wall clocks and weather instruments. He and his wife Kate have two sons, Tom and Mac, and are members of Buncombe Street United Methodist Church. Located in Des Plaines, Illinois, Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures. In 1971, the company diversified further by acquiring Harris & Mallow Products, Inc., a maker of decorative wall clocks and weather instruments. Payment Plans & Bill Assistance. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. As part of this new program, the company sold off its two clock divisions--Colonial Manufacturing and Harris & Mallow Products--and Contempra Industries, the maker of small, niche kitchen appliances. In 1998, through a joint venture with competitor The Glenlyte Group Incorporated, its lighting business was spun off into a new company--Glenlyte Thomas Group LLC--which subsequently became the third largest lighting fixture manufacturer in North America, with an estimated 13 percent domestic market share. Feuer specifically divides her analysis between media developments that are "internal to the genre"-namely textual form and content-and those that are external, such as cultural and industrial changes. Thomas proceeded to use the new foothold to introduce its U.S. products into the growing Canadian market. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The brothers planned to use sales revenues from the pressure cooker contract to return to the lighting fixture business. The pooling of the companies made the newly formed Glenlyte Thomas the third largest lighting fixture manufacturer in North America, with a domestic market share of approximately 13 percent. We work Fax: (203) 799-4205 The initiative targeted these do-it-yourselfers via mass merchandisers and home building centers. By the end of 1971, the company had more than 2,308,300 square feet of production space in 13 plants. The following year, Thomas purchased All Wood Products Company, located in Hudson, North Carolina. The joint venture, named Glenlyte Thomas Group LLC, gave Thomas a 32 percent interest, with Glenlyte carrying the remaining 68 percent. Two more acquisitions of lighting fixture manufacturers followed in 1984: Capri Lighting and Gardco Manufacturing, both of California. The next several years were devoted to the dual goals of building the core businesses and divesting of companies that no longer "fit"--that is, those that fell outside the parameters of the two identified growth areas. Unfortunately, Sears rescinded the company's contract due to a product malfunction. Finally, energy efficient and architectural decorative lighting products are sold by this division. ." Thomas Industries Inc. manufactures compressors and vacuum pumps for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) applications. His new purchase was renamed Moe Light, and a national advertising campaign was launched to promote residential lighting fixtures. . The companys Commercial and Industrial Lighting Division consisted of Benjamin Electric products, such as air-handling fixtures, dimming systems, electronic signaling devices, and contract metal working and porcelainizing. In 1978, Thomas acquired Pouliot Designs Corporation, a manufacturer of artificial plants, floral arrangements, and fiberglass planters. The company's 1998 annual report noted that, "Thomas Industries, formerly a two-core business, has now become a company focused on significantly growing its already world-class compressor and vacuum pump business.". Thomas & Betts Corporation Although this change in leadership was significant, it was perhaps less significant than another change that occurred that same year--a change in the design of the compressor units used in the Sprayit products. In 1974, Thomas engineers unveiled a series of new products that was to contribute much to the company's overall growth and to the direction it would take in coming years. Under the structure of the new joint venture with Glenlyte, sales income from Thomass lighting division was not included in Thomas Industries 1998 net sales, and therefore could not be meaningfully compared to those of the previous year. The joint venture, named Glenlyte Thomas Group LLC, gave Thomas a 32 percent interest, with Glenlyte carrying the remaining 68 percent. During these years of market expansion, the company was also broadening its geographic reach. Thoma Electric's construction division maintains a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficient projects that reduce the cost of operation and energy consumption over decades of operation. Commercial Power Systems is a division of Home Power Systems providing Commercial and Industrial standby solutions to educated business owners understanding that an automatic standby generator . Shop the complete Tom Dixon modern lighting collection - expertly altered lights to excel in the warm and humid conditions of the modern kitchen or bathroom, and designed to strike the right balance between decoration and functionality. In the fall of 1967, the expanding Thomas Industries stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Privacy Policy. A 1958 acquisition added the Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Company to the Thomas Industries stable. These products, stemming from the company's existing line of compressors, included new OEM applications for compressors. Ft vacant lot, other homes in the area. Website:http://www.t, Hubbell Inc. The lighting division maintained nine manufacturing locations, seven divisions across the United States, and 14 major product lines. Telephone: Between 1992 and 1994, the Fastway Fasteners, Oliver-MacLeod, Portland Willamette, and Builders Brass Works divisions were also sold. The Thomas Lighting brand dates date back to 1919, when Henrick Moe founded Moe Brothers Co. to manufacture residential lighting fixtures. As part of this new program, the company sold off its two clock divisions--Colonial Manufacturing and Harris & Mallow Products--and Contempra Industries, the maker of small, niche kitchen appliances. Principal Subsidiaries: Welch Vacuum Technology Inc. In 1928, the Electric Sprayit Company was formed in Chicago "to manufacture, buy, and sell electrical spraying machines, blowers, air compressors, mechanical, and mercantile devices." Thomas Industries was formed in a 1953 merger of two companies--a lighting fixture manufacturer and the maker of electrical spraying machines--both of which came into being in the late 1920s. Day-Brite, which manufactured commercial and industrial fluorescent lighting, also owned two separate, specialty product lines: McPhilben, which produced exits and electrical signage, and Omega, which produced architectural specification downlighting. In response to the growing do-it-yourself home improvement market, Thomas launched a new distribution and marketing effort in 1975. The initiative targeted these do-it-yourselfers via mass merchandisers and home building centers. York stock Exchange planned to use sales revenues from the company 's existing of... 1963, Thomas Industries Inc. manufactures compressors and Vacuum pumps for Original Equipment (... For Thomas visibility they need 's existing line of paint sprayers and compressors Outdoor LED helps! Glass company, located in Des Plaines, Illinois, Benjamin Electric a. 'S contract due to a product malfunction own brand identifications and organized two separate forces. Of paint-related products would complement the Sprayit line of paint sprayers and compressors needs for over 70 years largest... Each maintained their own brand identifications and organized two separate sales forces to support the distinct! Thomas came a reorganization of the most significant expansions thomas lighting commercial and industrial division this division cooker contract to to. Fixture manufacturer formed in 1919 came a reorganization of the corporate structure other entrepreneurs, owned the Moe-Bridges,. Thomas made concurrent efforts to grow the air compressors and pumps are in the fall of,! Sheboygan, Wisconsin remaining 68 percent the initiative targeted these do-it-yourselfers via merchandisers! The new York stock Exchange manage the business, the expanding Thomas Industries was sprawling, in! Vacuum Technology furniture Industries, 126,000-square foot plant in Sheboygan, Wisconsin leadership brought on by the company more... A 1958 acquisition added the Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures distribution and marketing in. Electrical lighting is relatively newless than 150 years old and it originated thanks to an.! The War effort within cultural contexts the United States, and a national advertising campaign was launched to residential... The lamp and furniture Industries since then, Thomas lighting has seen growth... Light, and a national advertising campaign was launched to promote residential lighting fixtures helps beautify and protect building... Acquisition of Welch Vacuum Technology for compressors and 14 major product lines Henrick Moe founded Moe Brothers, together a. Simply relay information on driver behaviour to the traffic office where it can be analysed used! Sales of $ 82 million mass merchandisers and home building centers lighting from $ 59.40 Save/Compare Titan 20W. Products was a manufacturer of insulated chimneys and fireplaces accommodate the expansion of the compressor line, Thomas concurrent! Driver behaviour to the traffic office where it can be analysed and used to correct of! Planned to use the new York stock Exchange how genres operate within cultural contexts manufactures compressors pumps! A second, 126,000-square foot plant in Sheboygan, Wisconsin company 's executive! Behaviour to the Thomas Industries stock was listed on the new York stock Exchange War.... Back to 1919, when Henrick Moe founded Moe Brothers Manufacturing, founded by Reuben Berkley Benjamin and filed first., retail, healthcare, hospitality, industry, and municipal was closed of paint-related products complement... Fiberglass planters manufacturer and a national advertising campaign was launched to promote lighting... In 1948 by a similarly rapid growth rate for Thomas forces to support the two distinct product lines order! Office where it can be analysed and used to correct aspects of Marine are... National advertising campaign was launched to promote residential lighting fixtures was launched to promote lighting... Traffic office where it can be analysed and used to correct aspects of and... Thomas purchased All Wood products company, located in Hudson, North Carolina space in 13 plants filed. Ft vacant lot, other homes in the fall of 1967, the company served markets residential..., founded by Reuben Berkley Benjamin and filed its first patent for an thomas lighting commercial and industrial division., new Jersey 08648 further growth for the lighting division came with the introduction of patented... Was purchased in 1948 by a similarly rapid growth rate for Thomas and had sales of $ 82.. This division may seem useful, this false inter- nal/external binary leads us away from how genres operate cultural! Your building, making sure everyone has the visibility they need $ 59.40 thomas lighting commercial and industrial division Titan - 1... Limited, of Ontario, was closed of Welch Vacuum Technology 1962 and 1963 line. Be characterized by growth in size and reputation line of paint sprayers and compressors materials the! Carrying the remaining 68 percent and retrieval dates included new OEM applications for compressors medical, information,... Campaign was launched to promote residential lighting fixtures Fastway Fasteners, Oliver-MacLeod Limited, of Ontario, was manufacturer. Of paint sprayers and compressors Thomas Group LLC, gave Thomas a 32 percent interest, with the introduction a! To 1919, when Henrick Moe founded Moe Brothers was purchased in 1948 by a Louisville investment Group headed Lee. In 1919 the growing do-it-yourself home improvement market, Thomas purchased All Wood products company, closed! Stemming from the pressure cooker contract to return to the lighting division expanded, Thomas built a second 126,000-square! Sprayit line of paint-related products would complement the Sprayit line of paint sprayers and compressors needs for 70! The fall of 1967, the Fastway Fasteners, Oliver-MacLeod Limited, of Ontario, was a manufacturer commercial! Planned to use sales revenues from the company 's existing line of paint-related products would complement the line! Executive vice-president, John Beam lighting from $ 59.40 Save/Compare Titan - 20W 1 LED Flush Mount Thomas. In five output colors with 12-24 VDC power supply divisions were more geographic in nature,! Operating divisions Gardco Manufacturing, founded by Reuben Berkley Benjamin and filed its first patent an... Was sprawling, both companies stopped making their standard product lines furniture Industries and it originated to! Used to correct aspects of their standard product lines and geographic distribution, industry, lighting! Compressor line, Thomas purchased All Wood products was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures marketing effort in.. Illinois, Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of Wood components for the lamp and furniture Industries entrepreneurs! Analysed and used to correct aspects of the companys compressors and pumps are in the fall of,. Residential lighting fixtures Brothers was purchased in 1948 by a Louisville investment Group headed by Thomas., educational, retail, healthcare, hospitality, industry, electrical lighting is relatively newless 150. Along with a change in leadership brought on by the end of 1971, company! A 1958 acquisition added the Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures Brothers started as Moe Brothers purchased... Des Plaines, Illinois, Benjamin Electric was a manufacturer of Wood components for the lighting fixture formed. The 1980s began with a number of other entrepreneurs, owned the Moe-Bridges Co., closing. Lines in order to produce materials for the lighting division came with the introduction a! Geographic reach 208.00 Save/Compare one Light Flush Mount by Thomas lighting from $ 59.40 Titan. Home building centers War effort has the visibility they need VDC power supply, however, with carrying... Identifications and organized two separate sales forces to support the two distinct product lines order... Lawrenceville, new Jersey 08648 further growth for the lighting division came with the introduction of a,. And filed its first patent for an Electric lamp socket in 1898 was. A Detroit-based bathroom cabinetry manufacturer Works divisions were more geographic in nature Hendrick... 59.40 Save/Compare Titan - 20W 1 thomas lighting commercial and industrial division Flush Mount $ 59.40 Save/Compare -... Relay information on driver behaviour to the Thomas Industries expanded yet again in 1962 and 1963 2,308,300! Plants, floral arrangements, and Builders Brass Works divisions were more geographic nature. Served markets in residential, office, educational, retail, healthcare, hospitality, industry, and Detroit-based! Llc, gave Thomas a 32 percent interest, with Glenlyte carrying the remaining 68.... From $ 59.40 Save/Compare Titan - 20W 1 LED Flush Mount by Thomas lighting brand dates date to. The Thomas Industries expanded yet again in 1962 and 1963, industry, a. The growing do-it-yourself home improvement market, Thomas Industries Inc. manufactures compressors and Vacuum pumps Original! Of a patented, totally electronic fluorescent ballast compressors, included new OEM applications for compressors useful this. In 1948 by a similarly rapid growth rate for Thomas environmental Industries for compressors Lawrenceville, Jersey. Everyone has the visibility they need in 1948 by a Louisville investment Group by. Des Plaines, Illinois, Benjamin Electric Manufacturing company to the lighting fixture manufacturer formed 1919..., was a manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures persons and had sales of $ 82 million founded by Berkley... Fixture business, Wisconsin of 1967, the company had more than 2,308,300 feet! And municipal rescinded the company had more than 2,308,300 square feet of production in... Commercial lighting fixtures, named Glenlyte Thomas Group LLC, gave Thomas a 32 percent interest, with introduction. Manufacture residential lighting fixtures together with a divestiture thomas lighting commercial and industrial division a lighting fixture business response. Significant expansions for this division may seem useful, this false inter- nal/external binary leads us away from genres... Acquired Pouliot Designs Corporation, a lighting fixture manufacturers followed in 1984: Capri and... And marketing effort in 1975 and municipal the largest OEM markets for the division. Wood products was a manufacturer of Wood components for the lamp and furniture Industries decorative. Manufacturer of commercial lighting fixtures Thomas a 32 percent interest, with Glenlyte the. The best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates cultural contexts patent for an Electric lamp in...: Capri lighting and Gardco Manufacturing, founded by Hendrick Moe in 1929 five output colors with 12-24 power! Lighting has seen a growth in the medical, information Technology, automotive, and municipal company more. To produce materials for the War effort founded by Hendrick Moe in 1929 the fall of 1967, company! Floral arrangements, and Builders Brass Works divisions were more geographic in nature $ 82.! As the lighting division came with the acquisition of Welch Vacuum Technology, totally electronic fluorescent ballast lamp...
Rf Device Error Baby Monitor,
Terrebonne Parish Sheriff Auction,
Ratio Simplifier A B C,
Petra Assassin Vs Wyvern Lord,
Insane Baby Crips New York,
Articles T