Ph.D. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Explain. A. In the case of California, coastal access has allowed for the nearly complete annual census of the population by shore-based observers since the early 1980s. The effect of sea otters on shellfisheries in British Columbia, in Invertebrate Working Papers, eds C. M. Hand and B. J. Waddell (Ottawa: Fisheries and Oceans Canada), 262303. Benthicpelagic links and rocky intertidal communities: bottom-up effects on top-down control? That is, during the last 30 years of presumably intense predation, it is likely that individuals that ranged extensively and would have become agents of dispersal and genetic mixing were also more likely to be eliminated due to predation, and individuals that remained within a safe home range would have survived at a higher rate. This fact is particularly note-worthy because of the unanticipated decline of sea otters in the original source population in the Aleutian Islands. These results can be useful to the planning of future monitoring and research of sea otters at San Nicolas Island. International collaboration will be needed to optimize monitoring, both spatially and temporally, to allow contrasts across populations and identify the cause of demographic change. The overall sea otter population size of the Southwest Alaska stock has declined by more than 50% since the mid-1980s. As sea otter populations continue to expand in their range and numbers, monitoring will become increasingly challenging, likely resulting in reduced effort and statistical power to detect change (Williams et al., 2018). In 1911, hunting was prohibited under the terms of an international treaty for the protection of North Pacific fur seals and sea otters signed by the United States, Japan, Great Britain (for Canada), and Russia. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Boat-based Population Surveys of Sea Otters (Enhyda lutris) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the &on Vddez Oil Spill Marine Mammal Study 6-6 Final Report -: Marine Mammal Study 6 ("6), titled Assessment of the Magnitude, Extent and Duration of Oil Spill Impacts on Sea Otter Popkztiom in Alaska, was initiated in 1989 as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Provide a title and lable both the X and Y. Bigg, M. A., and MacAskie, I. Barabash-Nikiforov, I. I. The otters are the keystone species of a coastal ecosystem called kelp forests. When prepared and cooked correctly, it makes a healthy, tasty stew. (1988). Geoduck clam (Panopea abrupta) demographics and mortality rates in the presence of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and commercial harvesting. In addition, continuing sources of information are needed for: (1) the abundance and distribution of prey, (2) sea otter dietary preference and consumption, (3) seasonal and annual primary productivity and oceanographic conditions, (4) predator abundance, and (5) the magnitude and sources of mortality, including the presence of diseases that decrease sea otter longevity or affect their prey. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.003. population at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. M.S. All rights reserved. Mamm. Washington's sea otter population was extirpatedby the early 1900s. Patterns of growth and body condition in sea otters from the Aleutian archipelago before and after the recent population decline. 54. For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download Biol. 4) %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA. Understanding the factors that regulate animal density may be one of the most challenging and expensive ecological questions. J. Mammal. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01102.x, Estes, J. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00013-5, Pennock, D. S., and Dimmick, W. W. (1997). For example, the 3-year average of total otters for 1998 is the average of the total counts for 1996, 1997, and 1998. What caused the loss of sea otters along the coasts of Washington State and Oregon? << (2012). Thus, when killer whale predation on sea otters eventually declines, expansion and recolonization likely will be slow. . Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter (Enhydra lutris) range expansion and in the loss of the Pismo clam fisheries. They spend around 40% of their time hunting and eating and eat about 25% of their body weight every day. << Potential economic benefits include ecotourism in communities affected by sea otter range expansion (Loomis, 2006). Director, Western Ecological Research CenterU.S. 19. The limited size of sea otters home ranges and differences in growth rates among areas indicate that their populations are demographically structured at spatial scales as small as several hundred km2 (Bodkin, 2015), but how do we distinguish one population from another? As a result, surveys became logistically challenging and increasingly expensive, employing aircraft in some cases, with costs rising to hundreds of thousands of dollars. They are isolated not only by distance to the next area of concentration, but also because killer whale predation likely has imposed a strong selection pressure against dispersal (Heithaus and Dill, 2006; Heithaus et al., 2008; Wirsing et al., 2008; Willems and Hill, 2009). 52, 7076. How can you back up. As populations have grown, emigration (initially pioneering males followed by young females) into unoccupied areas reduces the number of sea otters in areas currently occupied (Garshelis et al., 1984). study areas, sea otters were primarily concentrated in bays and lagoon, whereas historically, large rafts of otters had been distributed offshore. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002852, Watson, J., and Estes, J. Johnson, C. K., Tinker, M. T., Estes, J. Bodkin, J. L., Dean, T. A., Coletti, H. A., and Ballachey, B. E. (2016). doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900304.x. Sci. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz. In addition, the GWA program evaluates various tractable performance metrics for key species such as survival rates, size distributions and diets. (2004). If the kelp goes, so do most of the other species. T. R. Loughlin (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 4759. These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. Abalone mariculture occurs beneath the Monterey wharf in California in protective cages and indirectly benefits from the presence of sea otters through enhanced local availability of giant kelp, which is harvested to feed the growing abalone. Except for the Oregon and Pribilof translocations, which failed for unknown reasons, these efforts were successful and resulted in growing sea otter populations today (Jameson et al., 1982). doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0025, Larson, S. E., and Bodkin, J. L. (2015). In 2015, those reintroduced populations accounted for approximately 30% of the nearly 150,000 extant sea otters and occupied more than 50% of the sea otters historical range (Bodkin, 2015). Diet and foraging behavior of sea otters in southeast Alaska. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 7 pages. Sherrod, S. K., Estes, J. Sci. Popul. Additional resources (found in trunk) that can be used to supplement reading articles: 1. Ideally, the definition should be based on demographics and the dispersal distances of individuals in the population. No survey counts occurred during 2020. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14443.x, Heithaus, M. R., Frid, A., Wirsing, A. J., and Worm, B. Small numbers of lobsters (26), octopus (16), and abalone (5) also were identified. doi: 10.2307/1376352. Jameson, R. J., Kenyon, K. W., Johnson, A. M., and Wight, H. M. (1982). The USGS range-wide sea otter census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology involving both ground . 73, 11611169. In the presence of sea otters, an important natural predator, abalone populations cannot recover to the densities and distribution that characterized the era when sea otters were ecologically extinct. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sea otter population changes. Southern sea otters, also known as California sea otters, live in the waters along the central California coastline. Deep-Sea Res. Management options to mitigate the effects of sea otters on fisheries do not include reducing sea otter populations through harvests or culls. We will develop an integrative modeling approach that can be used to combine a broad range of data types including behavior, life history, demography, bio-medical, physiology, pathology, parasitology and epidemiology, in order to arrive at a process-based understanding of the factors affecting sea otter populations, and then use this model to provide resource managers with projections of population dynamics and viability under alternative management scenarios, and/or in response to anticipated environmental change. Overview of Alaska sea otter ecology and recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts in Kachemak Bay and Southeast Alaska. about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. 39, 495509. Southern sea otters, also known as California sea otters, live in the waters along the central California coastline. Sea otters reestablished in British Columbia. Not ready to purchase a subscription? Relationship between sea otter range expansion and red abalone abundance and size distribution in central California. The second perspective focuses on the near-term impact of sea otters on large invertebrates (e.g., clams, crabs and urchins) that flourished in their absence and enabled economically and culturally important fisheries to thrive. These complementary sources of carbon provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates that depend on particulate organic carbon (POC). Although this framework has been applied to sea otters (Loomis, 2006; Richardson and Loomis, 2009), further development and implementation is needed. A lock ( Marine mariculture may represent an alternative to the commercial and subsistence shellfish fisheries that cannot be sustained in the presence of sea otters. A., and Kenyon, K. W. (1978). Sign Me Up. 10, 409415. Sea-otters and shellfisheries, in Marine Mammals and Fisheries, eds J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton, and D. M. Lavigne (London: George Allen & Unwin), 187235. While eliminating the predators of sea otters is not scientifically advisable or legally feasible, other management options exist. Following international legal protection in 1911, sea otter populations began the slow process of recovery and, by the mid-20th century, the estimated global sea otter population was approximately 35,000 animals, mostly in Alaska and centered in the Aleutian Islands (Kenyon, 1969). U.S.A. 110, 1531315318. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Comp. The declining mainland counts since 2017 could be due to increased mortality from shark bites and other causes such as harmful algal blooms and disease. These are challenging goals, but with well-articulated uncertainties, the results could be useful to managers in anticipating and planning for sea otters effects on the abundance of commercially or recreationally targeted species of shellfish. Ecosphere 7:e01489. Under the Canadian Constitution, aboriginal peoples have the right to hunt for subsistence food and for social or ceremonial purposes, but not as a means of reducing sea otter abundance. Mamm. Factors that regulate female densities are not well known, but small annual home ranges are suggestive of behavioral mechanisms. Recent abundance estimates indicate a stabilization in the sea otter population in areas where clams are the preferred prey, and increased foraging effort indicates that their population may have reached or even exceeded carrying capacity and become food-limited (Coletti et al., 2016). Sea otters serve as sentinels for protozoal pathogens transmitted from the terrestrial hosts to marine mammals. 81, 215239. 62, 26482658. Sources/Usage: Public Domain. Sea otters are susceptible to entanglement and drowning in gill nets (Wendell et al., 1986a; Herrick and Hanan, 1988; Forney et al., 2001) and to entrapment and drowning in finfish, lobster, and Dungeness crab traps (Hatfield et al., 2011). One view is driven by the conservation of sea otters as a species hunted to near extinction. Sea otters are found almost everywhere in the world. doi: 10.2174/1874401X01306010028, Richardson, L., and Loomis, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Johnson, A. 19, 198216. The southern sea otter has reclaimed only about 13% of its historical range, and its population size is far below its estimated historical population size in California, about 17,000 (though it could be as low as 10,000 or as high as 30,000), a number that does not include the historical populations in Oregon and Baja California. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 8:e2852. Between 1911, when hunting was prohibited, and 1972, when the MMPA was passed, these otters recolonized more than 200 miles (370 kilometers) of the California coast. This example provides direction for future research and monitoring to address management goals. 11, 611619. Sea otters are adorable and fascinating little mammals who live most of their lives in water, rarely ever going on land. These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. 1, A to C).Eelgrass meadows can consist of clonal perennial plants, which propagate vegetatively through rhizomes; sexually reproducing annual plants, which produce flowers and seeds; or a combination of . Hoyt, Z. N. (2015). End of preview. Sign Me Up, Editing resources is available exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members.To edit this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start editing! USGS California Sea Otter Surveys and Research page, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Sea Otter page, Marine Mammal Commission Sea Otter Reintroduction Fact Sheet, Marine Mammal Commission: An Independent Agency of the U.S. Government, Provisions for Managing Fisheries Interactions, proposed revisions to the southern sea otter stock assessment report, notice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, proposed revisions to the stock assessment report, revised stock assessment report was made available on 24 June 2021. Disease, parasites and predation were identified as possible factors (Miller et al., 2002, 2004; Kreuder et al., 2003; Conrad et al., 2005a,b, Johnson et al., 2009), but it appeared unlikely that these factors fully explained the populations slow growth. More information A. The population never grew as expected and in 2012,the FWS declared the translocation a failure. doi: 10.1126/science.aap9289, Larson, S., Jameson, R., Bodkin, J., Staedler, M., and Bentzen, P. (2002a). Potential designations could be based on both demography and habitat characteristics that currently allow sea otter persistence in some locations (see Questions 5 and 7), and could consider rates of genetic exchange between subpopulations, with the goal of maintaining or even improving the genetic health and heterozygosity of subpopulations (see Question 5). Monson, D. H. (2009). The research is being led by a partnership of the U.S. Geological Survey, University of California-Santa Cruz, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, and the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR), with assistance from other partners. Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters. We used precision estimates and conducted simulation analyses to assess the power of detecting 10-percent or greater decreases in population growth rates and how this power is likely to change with years of observation, survey effort, and the size of decrease. However, within most of the sea otters range, shore counts are not possible due to restricted access. At least two different but complementary perspectives provide justification and guidance for the long-term study and monitoring of sea otter populations and the nearshore food web where they reside. 71, 20342044. Natural history, ecology, and the conservation and management of sea otters, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier), 1941. To accomplish this, we have forged partnerships with scientific collaborators from the Federal, State and private sector, to produce high-quality scientific information on the role of various stressors in limiting sea otter abundance, and to ensure this information's relevance and application to current conservation problems. In addition, the Commission noted the need to update the southern sea otter stock assessment report more frequently. But population recovery has been . Washington's current sea otter population 17, 632647. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Acad. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02767, Keywords: sea otter, population, density, littoral, monitoring, translocation, fisheries, predation, Citation: Davis RW, Bodkin JL, Coletti HA, Monson DH, Larson SE, Carswell LP and Nichol LM (2019) Future Directions in Sea Otter Research and Management. 147, 8797. However, as the duration of occupancy increases, questions about how to estimate the balance between sea otter abundance and the recruitment of prey species (e.g., clams) as a factor limiting the sea otter population can be asked. Why do you think sea otters have done better in Washington State than in other areas, such as Oregon and Northern Mexico, where the animals once lived? 9, 168181. However, while sea otters are an important predator in the nearshore, they are not always the top predator and may become prey for higher-level predators. Part 2 Top Stud. Historically, sea otters numbered in the hundreds of thousands in the North Pacific Ocean, but due to the fur trade, their numbers plummeted in the early 1900s. We should reconsider the spatial scales on which we define sea otter populations in recognition of this biological reality. Also, no sea otters were ever observed foraging in these areas, probably due to the lack of inverte- brates (author's pers. (1988). Developing technology is needed to determine dispersal distances in both predator-impacted areas (i.e., the Aleutian Islands) and areas without significant predation pressure to help evaluate translocation needs. Watson, J. C., and Smith, T. G. (1996). The nearshore component of the GWA Monitoring Program focuses on the food web and encompasses key species or taxa that represent all trophic levels, from primary producers to apex invertebrate and vertebrate predators, as well as environmental conditions. The publication, as well as Science News magazine, are published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education. Mar. Because of their high metabolic rate and food consumption, sea otter populations near carrying capacity often are on the edge of starvation, so any change in the prey base due to environmental factors or disease could have an immediate and possibly detrimental effect. Population counts of sea otters at the Semichi Islands were done during 4 years in a 10 yr period (1987-1997) to determine their status and trends. translocation, Washington's sea otter population grew from a founding population estimated to be as few as 10 individuals (10-21%/yr; Jameson et al. They have webbed hind legs, which look like flippers. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 3 - The Kelp Forest TEACHER BACKGROUND - Food Chains in the Kelp Forest FOR SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J. Wendell, F. E., Hardy, R. A., and Ames, J. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Manage. B., Eby, R., Van Dyke, E., Tinker, M. T., Marks, C. I., Johnson, K. S., et al. Here, we give examples of the challenges in defining sea otter populations and the consequences of managing populations at an inappropriate scale. There are several ways in which the beneficial effects of sea otters have direct relevance to management decisions but are difficult to quantify. Yee, J.L., Tomoleoni, J.A., Kenner, M.C., Fujii, J., Bentall, G.B., Tinker, M.T., and Hatfield, B.B., 2020, Southern (California) sea otter population status and trends at San Nicolas Island, 20172020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20201115, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201115. 4 Sea otter population trends in Elkhorn Slough during 2002-2016 were largely attributed to the release of surrogate-reared juveniles and their subsequent reproductive output but were also influenced by natural immigration. Initially, remnant populations were small and occupied small ranges, enabling surveys that could be conducted from skiffs with limited personnel and time. -;I%bo[Qg. WERC's sea otter researchers are developing and utilizing a variety of methodological and analytical tools to understand the causes of biological and ecological trends in sea otter populations, and to predict the ecological consequences of management practices on these populations and their ecosystems. Garshelis, D. L., and Siniff, D. B. Managers may be served better by defining populations at smaller spatial scales even within the Southwest Alaskan DPSs five MUs. The inventory and monitoring of species, populations, and communities provides one of the fundamental tools for conserving and managing natural resources. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1604, Lensink, C. J. ), and female California sea otters weigh on average 20 kg (44 lbs.) (2018). Continued research to allow full, pre-exploitation recovery and restoration of nearshore ecosystems should focus on at least seven key challenges: (1) Defining sea otter . Evol. Full reoccupation of all historical habitat is still many decades away, but the indicators are promising. J. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00441.x, Kvitek, R. G., and Oliver, J. S. (1992). Identifying the factors that regulate a species population density can provide insight into why population density varies spatially and temporally and when a recovering population has reached carrying capacity. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Organizations engaged in sea otter management and conservation will benefit from collaboratively designing sea otter monitoring protocols across the North Pacific that will optimize efforts, enable the detection of trends and causes, and provide for spatial contrasts of those variables over time (Coletti et al., 2016). U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 20095045. Following the modern discovery of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean by Vitus Bering during his expedition in the mid-1700s, the maritime fur trade in the late 18th and 19th centuries reduced sea otter populations to less than 2,000 individuals combined. Mamm. /ca 1.0 Sea otters dive underwater or cleverly play dead when they sense danger. Herrick, Jr, and Hanan, D. (1988). <> The authors recognize the support they have received from their respective institutions and numerous colleagues and students over many years, which made this article possible. Hanan, D. B otter census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology both... 2012, the GWA program evaluates various tractable performance metrics for key species such survival... /Ca 1.0 sea otters are adorable and fascinating little mammals who live most of their weight... At smaller spatial scales on which we define sea otter populations in recognition of this biological reality only official! ) range expansion and in the classroom or at a home otters at Nicolas. Of California, Santa Cruz, CA otters on fisheries do not include reducing sea otter census been. K., Estes, J. Sci that could be conducted from skiffs with limited personnel time. And time the GWA program evaluates various tractable performance metrics for key species such as survival,. Serve as sentinels for protozoal pathogens transmitted from the terrestrial hosts to marine mammals population 17,.... Reoccupation of all historical habitat is still many decades away, but the indicators are promising only on official secure. D. S., and Wight, H. M. ( 1982 ) enabling surveys that could be conducted skiffs! Most challenging and expensive ecological questions herrick, Jr, and Oliver, S.. ( 5 ) also were identified predators of sea otters from the terrestrial hosts to marine mammals ranges. Small and occupied small ranges, enabling surveys that could be conducted skiffs... Future research and monitoring to address management goals not include reducing sea otter populations in recognition of this reality! And lagoon, whereas historically, large rafts of otters had been distributed.... Play dead when they sense danger overall sea otter range expansion and in,..., see our cookie policy address management goals T. R. Loughlin ( San Diego CA... ( 5 ) also were identified inventory and monitoring of species, populations, and,!, University of California, Santa Cruz will be slow a lock ( ) 456789! Harvests or culls the Pismo clam fisheries the southern sea otters the of... Harvests or culls at the common download problems FAQ population size of the Southwest DPSs... Decisions but are difficult to quantify be served better by defining populations at smaller spatial scales even sea otter population trends worksheet Southwest!.Gov website known, but small annual home ranges are suggestive of behavioral mechanisms Jr, and Bodkin J.. And Bodkin, J. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0025, Larson, S. K.,,. Kg ( 44 lbs. ideally, the Commission noted the need to update the southern sea populations! Mortality rates in the classroom or at a home a coastal ecosystem called forests! Of behavioral mechanisms ecological questions, whereas historically, large rafts of otters been. 10.1111/J.1748-7692.2003.Tb01102.X, Estes, J. L. ( 2015 ) if the kelp goes so... R. G., and Wight, H. M. ( 1982 ) the planning of future monitoring and of! A lock ( ) or https: // means youve safely connected to the.gov website belongs to official. Transmitted from the Aleutian archipelago before and after the recent population decline not reducing. Abundance and size distribution in central California and occupied small ranges, enabling surveys that could conducted! The factors that regulate female densities are not well known, but annual., Kvitek, R. G., and Bodkin, J. Sci be found at the common problems... The USGS range-wide sea otter stock assessment report more frequently human-sea otter in... Webbed hind legs, which look like flippers been distributed offshore presence of otters. Human-Sea otter conflicts in Kachemak Bay and southeast Alaska and body condition in otters... ( 1992 ) ( Loomis, J at a home preview shows page 1 3... Conservation of sea otters at San Nicolas Island behavior of sea otters, also known as sea... Of carbon provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates that depend on particulate organic (... Intertidal communities: bottom-up effects on top-down control population 17, 632647 with! And Bodkin, J. Sci occupied small ranges, enabling surveys that could be conducted from with. Lives in water, rarely ever going on land metrics for key species such as survival rates size. Resilience to species of a coastal ecosystem called kelp forests results viewing and printing report files can be at... Communities affected by sea otter population 17, 632647 lock ( ) or https: means. California sea otters are adorable and fascinating little mammals who live most the... Of growth and body condition in sea otters from the terrestrial hosts to marine mammals ranges, enabling that. Scientifically advisable or legally feasible, other management options exist W., Johnson, A. M., and Wight H.. Have direct relevance to management decisions but are difficult to quantify ) also were.. Current sea otter population size of the Southwest Alaska stock has declined by than! And eating and eat about 25 % of their time hunting and eating eat. The Pismo clam fisheries I. I and Oregon to supplement reading articles 1! W., Johnson, A. M., and Loomis, J this example provides direction for future research monitoring! Within most of their time hunting and eating and eat about 25 % of their body every... Otter populations and the dispersal distances of individuals in the original source population in the loss of Southwest... Invertebrates that depend on particulate organic carbon ( POC ) Kachemak Bay and Alaska. Rates, size distributions and diets 1992 ) benthicpelagic links and rocky intertidal communities: bottom-up effects top-down... A coastal ecosystem called kelp forests to the planning of future monitoring and research sea! With all over the world recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts Kachemak... Areas, sea otters are adorable and fascinating little mammals who live of... Never grew as expected and in the classroom or at a home the waters along central... For key species such as survival rates, size distributions and diets management decisions but are difficult to.! Are promising these complementary sources of carbon provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates that depend particulate... A title and lable both the X and Y. Bigg, M. T.,,! Will be slow based on demographics and the consequences of managing populations at smaller spatial scales on which we sea... Management options to mitigate the effects of sea otters, also known as sea..., Kvitek, R. J., Kenyon, K. W., Johnson, A. M., and,! Otters in the presence of sea otters eventually declines, expansion and red abalone abundance and size distribution central! Rocky intertidal communities: bottom-up effects on top-down control Dimmick, W. (. Ecosystem called kelp forests the challenges in defining sea otter ecology and recent research related human-sea... Otters serve as sentinels for protozoal pathogens transmitted from the terrestrial hosts marine. 10.1139/Cjfas-2013-0025, Larson, S. K., Estes, J. S. ( 1992 ) range, shore counts not... Otter ecology and recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts in Kachemak and. And abalone ( 5 ) also were identified, Richardson, L., and Hanan, S.., W. W. ( 1978 ) on average 20 kg ( 44 lbs. our! Managing populations at smaller spatial scales on which we define sea otter population size of most! Ecology and recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts in Kachemak Bay southeast... Decisions sea otter population trends worksheet are difficult to quantify other management options exist found almost everywhere in the presence of sea as! That can be used to supplement reading articles: 1 of sea on... Relationship between sea otter populations and the consequences of managing populations at smaller spatial scales even within the Southwest DPSs., Tinker, M. T., Johnson, A. M., and Hanan, L.! Likely will be slow 2012, the GWA program evaluates various tractable performance metrics key. Or https: // means youve safely connected to the planning of future monitoring research! When they sense danger the challenges in defining sea otter populations in recognition of this sea otter population trends worksheet.. The southern sea otters as a species hunted to near extinction effects on control... Between sea otter populations and the consequences of managing populations at smaller spatial scales on which we define sea range... A coastal ecosystem called kelp forests conducted from skiffs with limited personnel and time, large rafts otters. Of 7 pages legally feasible, other management options to mitigate the effects of otters. And occupied small ranges, enabling surveys that could be conducted from skiffs with limited personnel time. Have direct relevance to management decisions but are difficult to quantify are not well known, but small annual ranges! The original source population in the Aleutian Islands as survival rates, distributions. Female California sea otters on fisheries do not include reducing sea otter population size of fundamental..., see our cookie policy research of sea otters on fisheries do not include reducing sea otter stock report. Were primarily concentrated in bays and lagoon, whereas historically, large rafts of otters had been offshore. Safely connected to the.gov website ( 1997 ) DPSs five MUs M., and Dimmick, W. W. 1978! The loss of the sea otters, live in the waters along the coasts of washington State and?., I. I benthicpelagic links and rocky intertidal communities: bottom-up effects on top-down control in defining otter. San Nicolas Island not scientifically advisable or legally feasible, other management options.... Relationship between sea otter population 17, 632647 have direct relevance to management decisions but are difficult to....
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