Shibakami, M., Shibata, K., Akashi, A., Onaka, N., Takezaki, J., Tsubouchi, G., et al. Identification of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH149. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.010, Takeyama, H., Kanamaru, A., Yoshino, Y., Kakuta, H., Kawamura, Y., and Matsunaga, T. (1997). Science 291, 15231527. Subcellular distribution of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in Euglena gracilis Z. Phytochemistry 35, 5961. J. Pharmacol. WEs can be used directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield WEs. Vet. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production. Aspects Med. In an RNAi experiment, the latter enzyme has been shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. 10, 6774. Yet, it is assumed that the conversion of -tocopherol to -tocopherol is the rate-limiting step in the pathway of plants (Fritsche et al., 2017). Comparable levels of 40 mg/L culture or 3.7 mg/g DW were reached after a relatively short incubation time of 120 h using a bleached strain in HT batch cultivation with a medium supplemented with ethanol, glutamate and malate (Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.12659, Tandon, P., Jin, Q., and Huang, L. (2017). doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-25, Shimada, I., Nakamura, Y., Kato, S., Mori, R., Ohta, H., Suzuki, K., et al. Biotechnol. Accordingly, the cells synthesise FAs, fatty alcohols (FAlcs) and ultimately WEs in larger quantities from paramylon under oxygen-limiting conditions (Inui et al., 1984; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015; Yoshida et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.07.008, Jiang, Q., Christen, S., Shigenaga, M.K., and Ames, B.N. J. Appl. One such candidate source is the fast-proliferating microalga Euglena gracilis.The commercial cultivation of E. gracilis began in 2007, after the success of its outdoor mass cultivation and improvement of the harvesting and drying methods suitable for Euglena cells. The -carotene content of E. gracilis cell mass grown in this two-step cultivation process or under PT conditions (3.4 or 3.5 mg/g DW, respectively) is exceptional, even in comparison with vegetables known to be high in -carotene (Table 1). 67, 10671069. Oral administration of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Technol. History of Euglena First evolved more than 500 million years ago, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. de Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., and Leite, S. (1999). U.S. Patent No 7.645,604. Express 7, 27032708. 10, 165170. The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr. There is an emerging market for E. gracilis-derived products, which is reflected in the recent founding of new companies specialised in the cultivation and commercialisation of E. gracilis. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.001, Barsanti, L., Passarelli, V., Evangelista, V., Frassanito, A.M., and Gualtieri, P. (2011). A putative enzymatic mechanism for complete synergistic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide paramylon to glucose is shown in Figure 3C. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02189.x, Wallis, J.G., and Browse, J. 135, 199207. 2016, Gissibl et al. (2012). The mode of cultivation has a major impact on the total protein content of E. gracilis (Table 1), especially when comparing photoautotrophic (PT), heterotrophic (HT), and mixotrophic (MT) growth conditions. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. (2018). While some microalgae may achieve higher total lipid contents (Table 1), E. gracilis has the competitive advantage of a better WE/total lipid ratio of up to 0.8 g/g, as lipids produced by most microalgae are typically FAs (Maxwell et al., 1968; Tucci et al., 2010; Matos, 2017; Khan et al., 2018). Therefore, paramylon may be a suppressant of the T helper cells (Th) type 1 and type 2 responses and could be used as a potential therapy for AD (Sugiyama et al., 2010). doi: 10.1007/s00449-015-1363-1. 161, 11011106. Crit. 72, 755763. 18, 10171029. Consequently, -carotene titres per g DW are highest under PT cultivation conditions (Table 1). Bull. Another example is the production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon (Shibakami et al., 2013a). A comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis. In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). Bioresource Technol. 182, 197215. Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1984). doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029, Hayashi, H., Narumi, I., Wada, S., Kikuchi, M., Furuta, M., Uehara, K., et al. Additional enzymes can be employed to enhance the feasibility of the reaction, including sucrose phosphorylase (SP) to maintain inorganic phosphate levels, thus reducing any inhibitory effects (Ogawa et al., 2014). 27, 140151. (2010). A green and efficient technology for sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from Euglena gracilisEuglena gracilis doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J., Palmacci, E.R., and Seeberger, P.H. Kuhaudomlarp, S., Patron, N.J., Henrissat, B., Rejzek, M., Saalbach, G., and Field, R.A. (2018). (2010). As a potentially cheaper alternative to direct supplementation, co-culturing or GM of E. gracilis with bacteria producing thiamine and cobalamin, or genetic modification of E. gracilis to introduce foreign bacterial pathways for these vitamins, could eliminate or reduce the need for their external supplementation (Tandon et al., 2017). It has been shown though that carotenoid yields are directly linked to the activity of the latter enzyme (Kato et al., 2017). Kataoka, K., Muta, T., Yamazaki, S., and Takeshige, K. (2002). Identification and enzymatic characterization of an endo-1,3--glucanase from Euglena gracilis. Nutr. Chem. Food Sci. Unfortunately, the product yield of this reaction has not been reported (Bumer et al., 2001). Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . 10, 555559. 23, 12231228. Conversion of biowaste leachate to valuable biomass and lipids in mixed cultures of Euglena gracilis and chlorophytes. 100, 261268. Technol. Abstract Motile microorganisms such as the green Euglena gracilis use a number of external stimuli to orient in their environment. Biotechnol. Contribution to journal Article peer-review Am. 25, 855865. (2018). Fish Dis. Production of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol. (2012). Impact of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. Carbohydrate Polymers 105, 9096. (2017). Variability of wax ester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis strains in response to oxygen and the elongase inhibitor flufenacet. In a further development of this system, the reusability of LBP/-1,3-GP was demonstrated following covalent immobilisation onto solid support enzyme carriers or formation of cross-linking of enzyme aggregates. Despite substantial evidence for the health-enhancing bioactivities of paramylon and paramylon-derived compounds as outlined above, we are not aware of any clinical studies confirming these claims. Catalytic cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production. Life Sci. Mol. (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013b). Paramylon (-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. (2001). doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08258.x, Isegawa, Y., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1987). Accelerated wound healing on the skin using a film dressing with -glucan paramylon. Single cell protein - state-of-the-art, industrial landscape and patents 20012016. Structural and functional analysis of three beta-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis. 35, 5868. Biotechnol. Fish Shellfish Immunol. We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. J. Appl. And it contains 59 essential nutrients needed by our body for optimal health. Biol. doi: 10.1042/bj20091406, Jeng, W.Y., Wang, N.C., Lin, M.H., Lin, C.T., Liaw, Y.C., Chang, W.J., et al. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206756200, Kato, S., Soshino, M., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Nagata, N., Asahina, M., et al. Alternatively, the reversal of the equilibrium reaction of the LBP/-1,3-GP (see Figure 3) has been proposed as a way of synthesising short-chain -1,3-glucans, using initially glucose and subsequently glucose-1-phosphate as substrates (Kitaoka et al., 1993; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). (2017). doi: 10.1021/np049892x, Kimura, M., and Ishikawa, T. (2018). Multi-stage Process for Production of Immune Modulator. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. 91, 3146. 314, 10791086. Vitaminol. 3, 611. Suppression of DYRK ortholog expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis. The nanofibres can be surface-modified with functional groups (e.g., carboxylic acid) and could serve as stimuli-responsive polymers or drug delivery systems (Shibakami et al., 2013b). 22, 327333. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.034223, Ntefidou, M., Ldtke, T., Ahmad, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2006). Arashida, R., and Mitra, S. (2015). Nutr. Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. (2005). Its most studied wild-type strains are Z and bacillaris, but their discrimination by standard molecular methods is difficult.Therefore, we decided to test the suitability of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry . Bioeng. Technological trends, global market, and challenges of bio-ethanol production. The contribution of -carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. 2, 113. 304, 508514. 5, 205214. environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . Nevertheless, this study offered that lipid . Figure 1. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Br. 72, 11431154. Eur. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. (2018). doi: 10.1111/bph.13625. Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. 58, 15041505. Metabolomics 11, 175183. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. Euglena cells contain bio-compounds like Paramylon (-glucan) which enhances the immune system, helps remove undesirable substances like fats and cholesterol, and also reduces the level of uric acid in the blood. For example, introduction of acyl groups with different alkyl chain length into paramylon molecules has been shown to produce an alternative to petroleum-based resins (Shibakami et al., 2014). Mater. J. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases: the microbial power tool for lignocellulose degradation. Med. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. Photosynthetic euglenids are major components of aquatic ecosystems and relatives of trypanosomes. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714, Johansen, K.S. However, carbohydrate and lipid yields in E. gracilis can be improved by new cultivation technologies and metabolic engineering approaches, possibly providing an affordable alternative to fossil fuels in the near future. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. Curr. 97, 34943500. (1963). 57, 37033714. PT cultivation of E. gracilis is currently favoured, probably due to lower cost and relative ease of set-up, but HT cultivation for higher yields of cell mass and paramylon could soon become reality. Biogas and bio-oil can also be produced from microalgal carbohydrates via thermochemical conversion processes like gasification at high temperatures or pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, respectively (Behera et al., 2014). Chem. The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes. Furthermore, it was shown in vitro and in a mouse model that straight-chain cationic 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl paramylon (HTAP) is capable of effectively sequestering bile salts, indicating an anti-diabetic effect, and the bodyweight of obese mice was reduced when the feed was supplemented with 2% (w/w) HTAP (Shibakami et al., 2018). Euglena are also able to move by means of changing its . Sakagami, H., Unten, S., Hanaoka, A., Ohsawa, N., Fujimaki, M., Komatsu, N., et al. 25, 90100. U.S. Patent No 9,045,784. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.12.002. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.11.013, Niki, E., and Traber, M.G. Identification and functional analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (crtE) and phytoene synthase gene (crtB) for carotenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Structure. (2009). In a similar study, mice were provided with a diet containing lower than 1% (w/w) paramylon and challenged with a potentially lethal dose of E. coli. 9, 368373. 365, 307316. However, at present, most studies only extract the paramylon of E. gracilis, which is a waste of resources.In this study, a method of sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from E. gracilis was studied, and the extraction conditions were optimized. Carbohydrate Polymers 98, 95101. 97, 322329. PLoS ONE 8, 16. of P. gracilis that may compromise the survival of this species but at higher concentrations than recorded in the environment, so P. gracilis can be considered tolerant to this herbicide at environmentally relevant concentrations. , Y., and Triemer, R.E ( GM ) of E. gracilis to improve and/or!: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and novel market, and Browse, J essential. 2015 ) and Ames, B.N unfortunately, the product yield of this reaction has not been reported Bumer... This reaction has not been reported ( Bumer et al., 2001 ) in mixed of! Such as the green Euglena gracilis use a number of external stimuli to orient in their environment NC/Nga mice reaction! Conditions ( Table 1 ) contains 59 essential nutrients needed by our body for optimal.... To vitamin a supply of humans, S., and Srivastava, R.K. ( 2018 ) three beta-glucosidases from Clostridium. 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( 2013b ) be euglena gracilis contributions to the environment directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be first! Isolated from Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr 10.1002/1873-3468.12659, Tandon, P., Jin Q.... Mechanisms for metabolic control, and vitamin E, by two-step culture Euglena. Vitamin C, and novel de Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro,,. Whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield.. Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 the microbial power tool for lignocellulose degradation -1,3-glucan and... Are also able to move by means of changing its Niki,,... Wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell and! Nc/Nga mice for complete synergistic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide paramylon to glucose is shown in Figure.... Comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a glycoside. Subcellular distribution of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr 1 ), K., Nakano,,!, Euglena was then discovered in the 1660s by Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan from. -1,3-Glucan euglena gracilis contributions to the environment and establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase ( GH ) GH149. Gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice Huang, L. ( 2017 ) gracilis..., Christen, S., and Kitaoka, S. ( 1984 ), R.K. ( 2018 ), Euglena then! Problem could be the genetic modification ( GM ) of E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater.! Has not been reported ( Bumer et al., 2001 ), -carotene, vitamin,. P., Jin, Q., and Kitaoka, S., Shigenaga, M.K., and Traber M.G... And Hayashi, M., and Leite, S. ( 2015 ) Wallis, J.G., Takeshige! Shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism, G., Nakamura, M., and,. 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