Unit 731 started out as a research unit, investigating the effects of disease and injury on the fighting ability of an armed force. [63] Although this article drew criticism, Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. Some of the agents tested were mustard gas, lewisite, cyanic acid gas, white phosphorus, adamsite, and phosgene gas. She had several fingers missing and her bones were black, with gangrene set in. Phone booth-like tanks were used as portable gas chambers for the prisoners. [93] The inner-prison was a highly secured building complete with cast iron doors. Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in various positions. He was about to rape her anyway, then he saw that her sex organ was festering, with pus oozing to the surface. The effectiveness of various weapons was of obvious interest to the Japanese Army. [117] As the chief of the unit, Shiro Ishii was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by the American occupation authorities, because he had provided human experimentation research materials to them. Date unspecified. [127], In 1983, the Japanese Ministry of Education asked Japanese historian Sabur Ienaga to remove a reference from one of his textbooks that stated Unit 731 conducted experiments on thousands of Chinese. Unit 731 - Japans Secret Human Experiments Disturban History 236K subscribers Subscribe 22K 702K views 1 year ago Formed in response to western powers developing their own chemical and. Throughout its history, Unit 731 produced research for biological weaponry. To ensure effective transmission of the disease, syphilitic male victims were ordered to rape both female and male fellow captives, who would then be monitored to observe the onset of the disease. His perverted imagination was captured by the possibilities of biological and chemical warfare, and in the Japan of the 1920s and '30s, he found supporters in the increasingly nationalistic and fanatical military. The gas was adamsite (sneezing gas), and as the gas filled the chamber the man went into violent coughing convulsions and began to suffer excruciating pain. The opening of the new Museum of War Crime Evidence by Japanese Army Unit 731 on Aug. 15 in Harbin in northeast China was timed to coincide with the 70th anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, part of commemorations across China that included a major Victory Day military parade in Beijing on Sept. 3. [86][87] Then, the prisoners would be transported through a secret tunnel dug under the facade of the central building to the inner-prisons. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. Listen above to the History Uncovered podcast, episode 51: Unit 731, also available on Apple and Spotify. Xinhua via Getty ImagesUnit 731 personnel conduct a bacteriological trial upon a test subject in Nongan County of northeast Chinas Jilin Province. That guard would then telephone to the "Special Team" in the inner-prison (Shiro Ishii's brother was head of this Special Team). [59] The following is an excerpt of one of these reports: September 7, 1940, 6 pm: Tired and exhausted. [27][28] In a video interview, former Unit731 member Okawa Fukumatsu admitted to having vivisected a pregnant woman. June 1942. Unit 731, Japan's biological warfare program, was formed in 1932 under the leadership of the notorious Gen. Shiro Ishii, chief medical officer of the Japanese army. After World WarII, the Office of Special Investigations created a watchlist of suspected Axis collaborators and persecutors who are banned from entering the United States. Administration" of the Imperial Japanese Army, Unit 731 and Unit 100, as well as their subsidiary branches, performed human experimentation on the innocents under the leadership of Dr. Ishii Shiro. When the plague bacillus had been bred to what was felt to be a sufficiently lethal caliber, the last generation of victims to be infected were exposed to huge numbers of fleas, Y. pestis preferred vector of contagion. [4] Japanese researchers performed tests on prisoners with bubonic plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism, and other diseases. [123] [126], In 2018, Japan disclosed the names of 3,607 members of Unit 731. [91] Prisoners were repeatedly reused for experiments as long as they were healthy enough. Prisoners were generally well fed on a diet of rice or wheat, meat, fish, and occasionally even alcohol in order to be in normal health at the beginning of experiments. According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris: The Togo Unit employed gruesome tactics to secure specimens of select body organs. [60] Once frozen, Yoshimura would strike their affected limbs with a short stick, "emitting a sound resembling that which a board gives when it is struck". After I had watched for about ten minutes, I could not stand it any more, and left the area. November 1940. A former member of the Special Team (who insisted on anonymity) recalled in 1995 his first vivisection conducted at the Unit: He didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down. [127] The information was from the country's national archives. He then received authorization to move to Pingfang, approximately 24 kilometers (15mi) south of Harbin, to set up a new, much larger facility. The program received generous support from the Japanese government until the end of the war in 1945. Unit 731 was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes committed by the Japanese armed forces. Koizumi had joined a secret poison gas research committee in 1915, during World War I, when he and other Imperial Japanese Army officers were impressed by the successful German use of chlorine gas at the Second Battle of Ypres, in which the Allies suffered 5,000 deaths and 15,000 wounded as a result of the chemical attack. Unit member Naeo Ikeda wrote: In my experience, when A type blood 100 cc was transfused to an O type subject, whose pulse was 87 per minute and temperature was 35.4 degrees C, 30 minutes later the temperature rose to 38.6 degrees with slight trepidation. This term originated as a joke on the part of the staff because the official cover story for the facility given to local authorities was that it was a lumber mill. [94], Despite the prison's status as a highly secure building, at least one unsuccessful escape attempt did occur. Some children grew up inside the walls of Unit731, infected with syphilis. However, Unit 731 was likely the largest biological-warfare production facility in world history. World War II devastated the lives of more than 100 million people around the world. In addition to the accusations of propaganda, the US also asserted that the trials were to only serve as a distraction from the Soviet treatment of several hundred thousand Japanese prisoners of war; meanwhile, the USSR asserted that the US had given the Japanese diplomatic leniency in exchange for information regarding their human experimentation. and died with this last word. Finally, when a prisoners body was all used up, they would typically be shot or killed by lethal injection, though some may have been buried alive. [61] Naoji Uezono, a member of Unit 731, described in a 1980s interview a grisly scene where Yoshimura had "two naked men put in an area 4050 degrees below zero and researchers filmed the whole process until [the subjects] died. [112] Critics argue that racism led to the double standard in the American postwar responses to the experiments conducted on different nationalities. But when I picked up the scalpel, that's when he began screaming. Then, the lesson over, the surgeon pulled out a gun and shot and killed the patient.[78][79][80] A member of the Yokusan Sonendan paramilitary political youth branch, who worked for Unit731, stated that not only were Chinese, Russians, and Koreans present, but also Americans, British, and French people. For example, female captives of childbearing age were sometimes forcibly impregnated so that weapon and trauma experiments could be done on them. "[33], Unit731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644 and Unit 100, among others) were involved in research, development and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both military and civilian) throughout World WarII. [34][35]:xii,173. Unit 731 was a Japanese biological warfare research unit that operated during WWII. As explained in an internal War Department memorandum, dated June 23, 1947: "Since it is believed that the USSR possesses only a small . "The Imperial Japanese Experiments in China". This Russian was shot to death. In 1952, human experiments carried out in Nagoya City Pediatric Hospital, which resulted in one death, were publicly tied to former members of Unit731. Date unspecified. Since then, much more in depth testimony has been given in Japan. Parts of organs, such as the brain, lungs, and liver, were removed from others. Inside The Little-Known Story Of Linda Lee Cadwell And Her Marriage To Bruce Lee, Inside The Legend Of The Banshee, The Most Chilling Spirit In Celtic Folklore, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. [18] Medical doctors and professors from Japan were attracted to join Unit731 both by the rare opportunity to conduct human experimentation and the Army's strong financial backing. [107] Sanders took this information to General Douglas MacArthur, who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and responsible for rebuilding Japan during the Allied occupations. Sixty minutes later the pulse was 106 per minute and the temperature was 39.4 degrees. Army Engineer Hisato Yoshimura conducted experiments by taking captives outside, dipping various appendages into water of varying temperatures, and allowing the limb to freeze. Twenty subjects were divided into three groups and placed in combat emplacements, trenches, gazebos, and observatories. After this look at Unit 731, read up on some more of the worst war crimes ever committed as well as other Japanese war crimes from the World War II era. [52][53] Massive amounts of blood were drained from some prisoners in order to study the effects of blood loss according to former Unit731 vivisectionist Okawa Fukumatsu. 1341361982pp. Insisting on anonymity, the former Japanese medical assistant recounted his first experience in dissecting a live human being, who had been deliberately infected with the plague, for the purpose of developing "plague bombs" for war. The report describes conditions of every subject precisely without mentioning what happened to them in the long run. After being infected with various diseases, exposed to chemical weapons, or suffering crush injuries, bullet wounds, and shrapnel injuries, the pregnant subjects were opened up and the effects on the fetuses studied. A male and female, one infected with syphilis, would be brought together in a cell and forced into sex with each other. ; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", "Where To Find The World's Most 'Wicked Bugs': Fleas", "Electrocuted, gassed, frozen, boiled alive", "Inside Japan's wartime factory of death", "Self Determination by Imperial Japanese Doctors", "(RARE) Yoshimura Hisato (excerpt of a telephone interview conducted by Mainichi Shimbun)", "[IAB8] Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities", https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf, https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/vivisection-japan-philippines-a00304-20200723-lfrm, "Japanese Medical Atrocities in World War II", " 36 150 . The complex contained various factories. In World War II, Japan created a top-secret project named Unit 731.Officially called the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army, Unit 731 carried out human experiments on unwilling subjects. Unit 731: The horrors of biological warfare experiments that the world forgot. All under the auspices of the US govt, ofc. The U.S. cover-up of Unit 731 war crimes. Skin of the face still weeping. Estimates of the death toll from experiments performed on prisoners at Unit 731 range from 3,000 to 12,000. Despite innocent beginnings as a research and public health agency, Unit 731 eventually grew into an assembly line for weaponized diseases that, if fully deployed, could have killed everyone on Earth several times over. Potential witnesses, such as the 300 remaining prisoners, were either gassed or fed poison while the 600 Chinese and Manchurian laborers were shot. It was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China) and had active branch offices throughout China and Southeast Asia. Ishii had proposed the creation of a Japanese biological and chemical research unit in 1930, after a two-year study trip abroad, on the grounds that Western powers were developing their own programs. Inside Unit 731, Japans Disturbing Human Experiments Program During World War II. [122], Japanese Biological Warfare operations were by far the largest during WWII, and "possibly with more people and resources than the BW producing nations of France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and the Soviet Union combined, between the world wars. One group was clothed with Chinese underwear, no hat, and no mask and was subjected to as much as 1,800 field gun rounds of yperite gas over 25minutes. It had around 4,500containers to be used to raise fleas, six cauldrons to produce various chemicals, and around 1,800containers to produce biological agents. Ultimately, inadequate scientific and engineering foundations limited the effectiveness of the Japanese program. In a number of separate experiments it was then determined how these parameters depend on the time of day a victim's body part was immersed in freezing water, the surrounding temperature and humidity during immersion, how the victim had been treated before the immersion ("after keeping awake for a night", "after hunger for 24 hours", "after hunger for 48 hours", "immediately after heavy meal", "immediately after hot meal", "immediately after muscular exercise", "immediately after cold bath", "immediately after hot bath"), what type of food the victim had been fed over the five days preceding the immersions with regard to dietary nutrient intake ("high protein (of animal nature)", "high protein (of vegetable nature)", "low protein intake", and "standard diet"), and salt intake (45g NaCl per day, 15g NaCl per day, no salt). September 9, 1940, 7 am: Tired and exhausted. In response, in February2011 the Ministry of Health began to excavate the site. Female prisoners were forced to become pregnant for use in experiments. Unit 731 (731), based in the Pingfang district of Harbin and led by the infamous Japanese microbiologist Shiro Ishii, was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II. In addition to the experimentation in Manchukuo, the Japanese ran human experimentation units all over, such as Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing and Unit 2646 in inner Mongolia. the plan of Unit 731 was to use kamikaze pilots to infest San Diego, California, with the plague. Researchers found the most virulent strains of disease by infecting prisoners, usually by injecting them with "vaccines" or feeding them contaminated food, and killing those prisoners who recovered quickly from their illnesses. Weeping redness of the skin of the upper part of the body. NHK Documentary. [29], According to A. S. Wells, the majority of victims were Chinese,[31] with a lesser percentage being Russian, Mongolian, and Korean. Genitals of female prisoners that were infected with syphilis were called "jam-filled buns" by guards.[68]. It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (, Kantgun Beki Kysuibu Honbu). Takashi Tsuchiya. In James M. Ludes, Henry Sokolski (eds.). To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied. Unit 731 was a secret chemical and living warfare research unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The Japanese defense counsel argued that the claim was vague and uncorroborated and it was dismissed by the tribunal president, Sir William Webb, for lack of evidence. [15], In 1936, Emperor Hirohito issued a decree authorizing the expansion of the unit and its integration into the Kwantung Army as the Epidemic Prevention Department. A Unit 731 doctor operates on a patient that is part of a bacteriological experiment. The ministry alleged that no academic research supported the claim. At least 12 large-scale bioweapon field trials were carried out, and at least 11 Chinese cities attacked with biological agents. Williams, Peter, and Wallace, David (1989). A prisoner would be taken from his cell. They were strapped, unprotected, to wooden planks that were staked into the ground at increasing distances around a bomb that was then detonated. All levels of the Japanese court system found the suit baseless. Wikimedia CommonsUnit 731s Harbin facility. Unit 731 was set up in 1938 in Japanese-occupied China with the aim of developing biological weapons. [88] One of the prisons housed women and children (Building8), while the other prison housed men (Building7). [23], Nakagawa Yonezo[ja], professor emeritus at Osaka University, studied at Kyoto University during the war. "Medicine itself must become a weapon," said Nakagawa Yonezo, Professor Emeritus at Osaka University. Located in the Pingfang district of what is now China, most of . A few years after World War I, the Geneva Protocol prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons during wartime in 1925. For example, one experiment documented the time it took for three-day-old babies to freeze to death.[57][58]. But then finally he stopped. Originally set up by the Kenpeitai military police of the Empire of Japan, Unit731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shir Ishii, a combat medic officer in the Kwantung Army. Tamura recalled: Sud had, a few days previously, been interested in talking about women, but now he was thin as a rake, with many purple spots over his body. Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The truth is that Japan's Unit 731 committed some of the most heinous war crimes ever. But that didn't stop a Japanese army medical officer named Shiro . A Japanese soldier uses a Chinese mans body for bayonet practice near Tianjin, China. A report authored by unknown researcher in the Kamo Unit (Unit731) describes a large human experiment of yperite gas (mustard gas) on 710September 1940. At the time of his arrival in Japan, he had no knowledge of what Unit731 was. One element of the unit, called Maruta, took this research a little further than the usual bounds of medical ethics by observing injuries and the course of disease on living patients. . Wikimedia CommonsGeneral Shiro Ishii, the commander of Unit 731. None at all. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 07:50. David C. Rapoport. government. A third group was clothed in summer military uniform, three with masks and two without masks, and were exposed to as much as 4,800rounds. [74] Although 3,000 internal victims is the widely accepted figure in the literature, former Unit member Okawa Fukumatsu refuted it in a video interview. Unit731 staff included approximately 300 researchers, including doctors and bacteriologists. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese", "CIA Special Collection ISHII, SHIRO_0005", "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency", "Ruling recognizes Unit 731 used germ warfare in China", "Japan - Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University", "Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus", "Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering", "Unmasking Horror: A special report. reddened, swollen. Each cell door had a small window in it. Test subjects were gathered from the surrounding population and sometimes euphemistically referred to as "logs" (, maruta), used in such contexts as "How many logs fell?". Prisoners were also repeatedly subjected to rape by guards. 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