We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. For example, potassium deficiency makes plants lose their green pigmentation (a process known as chlorosis), the tip of plant leaves curls or burns, etc. Can I use this liquid like a compost tea? Ultimately, most fertilizers contain identical ingredients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. can i turn granular fertilizer into liquid. A storage container that can hold at least one gallon of water. Liquid fertilizer is more expensive. Here are the main advantages of applying liquid fertilizer instead of granular fertilizer. Pick your type of fertilizer. It can also sit on top of the soil and mold, which is gross! Crate & Basket is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. Then after planting, side-dress along the plant rows. Granular fertilizer is meant to release slowly into the soil, so the granules are made with a slow-dissolving coating. Im Margaret. Since the beginning of time, every gardener has been looking for effective fertilizers for their crops. Or you can apply a liquid fertilizer on the foliage and the mulch. Turning granular fertilizers into liquid fertilizers is comparatively straightforward. How can I get rid of parvo in my dog at home? Note that this article focuses on inorganic fertilizers, not organic fertilizers like manure, compost, etc. Speaking from experience, getting fertilizer in your eyes hurts. Remember that applying granular fertilizer in your garden or farm sometimes leads to runoff, getting washed by irrigation, or getting eaten by some pets. Cost-effective because you can mix just what you need and safe to use for flowers, foliage plants, and vegetables, the 24-8-16 mineral-based formula guarantees not to burn plant roots. Check out this post which is one of the most popular of all time. As the name suggests, Ironite is a nutrient supplement for lawns that is high in iron content. This helpful article from the University of Florida has got you covered! Get some empty tuna cans and place them around your lawn. Potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea ammonium nitrate, etc. Storing the fertilizer outdoors or in an uninsulated shed is not recommended. Use a dedicated container and measure your granules into the container. drainage from the soil) is reduced or avoided, They have a slow-release variety which feeds plants for a longer period, Immobile nutrients are not available to plants, Granular salts can burn plant leaves if not applied correctly, They can only be used in conventional farming (planting on soil), Liquid fertilizers can be used in foliar feeding, They can be used to quickly correct plant deficiencies. Take a nap, eat a sandwich, go for a jog, whatever you want to do to pass 24 hours. Slow-release granular fertilizers decompose and begin to improve plants about two weeks after applied, and they last anywhere from two to nine months. October 15, 2022 by Dianna. The powder form can be easily dissolved, but granular fertilizers are different. Follow instructions on the packaging if you have this kind of fertilizer. Banana peels can be used to create a high phosphorus liquid fertilizer. Regardless of the type of fertilizer used, when fertilizers are used without caution, they can burn plants. It helps to water the potting soil without splashing on the foliage. Measure out one cup of fertilizer and add it to one gallon of water (or two and two, three and tree, whatever floats your boat). On the other hand, granular fertilizers are cheap and easier to store. Key benefits for stakeholders . In reality, of course, it may draw moisture and grow mold, or rodents could chew holes into the bag. Also, it is also essential to cover the container after each mixture to keep it safe and clean and prevent rainwater from diluting it. Tip. Ive been using granular fertilizer for my container garden. It would take 200 pounds of granular fertilizer for a five-acre pond. First, liquid fertilizer is easy to apply evenly. Liquid fertilizers decompose more quickly than granular, but don't last as long. When to Water Your Lawn After Fertilizing. By creating liquid fertilizers you can get the goodness into the soil feeding your plants quickly. . Strain out any solid and apply with a sprayer or watering can. The Kensington Watering Can is stylish, strong, and can provide precision when watering potted plants. Be sure to dilute the resulting liquid to avoid damaging your plants. For container gardening, it is usually best to work a granular fertilizer into the soil when you plant it in the container. Every plant requires nutrients, so fertilizers must be provided for plants to grow. Measure out one cup of fertilizer and add it to one gallon of water (or two and two, three and tree, whatever floats your boat). You can stir it periodically, and I do recommend that, but try not to touch it too often. You should mix 1 part fertilizer with 25 part water because the plants are water/fed daily. Can I mix granular fertilizer with water? Add to that the potential for more frequent fertilization, and you may end up paying more each year to keep your lawn green with liquid than granular fertilizer. If your fertilizer is not dissolving, you may need to break down the granules. Crate & Basket is owned and operated by Crate & Basket, a California limited liability company. Mix the solution then filter out the undissolved solids. You also avoid the problems of mold or crusting, as I mentioned before. 2. Using liquid fertilizer also keeps critters away from your garden, and keeps your dog safe. My goal is to help you learn to love gardening and reap the benefits that come with it. For granular fertilizers inside a plastic bag, roll down the bag tightly and tape it shut. Heres The Truth! If you wish to apply daily, mix 1 part liquid fertilizer with 10 part water. After this first mixing, it is essential to. Want to know more about the chemical process of converting dry fertilizer to liquid fertilizer? When dissolving granular fertilizer for lawns you can dissolve at a high rate of up to a pound in several gallons, but for watering container plants consider 2 T in a gallon. Your container should be pet-proof just in case youre using a fertilizer like bone meal, which can attract dogs, and also kid-proof for obvious reasons. There are a few things you need to consider if youre thinking about converting dry fertilizer to liquid. Prevent plant burning and crusting while also making a budget-conscious choice! Although it takes a bit more time than using liquid fertilizer straight from the bottle, there are significant advantages to dissolving granular fertilizer in water. Toss the sticky stuff lightly under shrubs and trees that need a bit . Its also quick-acting and gets those oftentimes much-needed nutrients to your plants faster. How long does it take for granular fertilizer to dissolve? The time saved is important to some gardeners. This product is meant to be dissolved in water and used immediately, so it does not need the same soaking time as granulated fertilizer. One way to make an organic liquid fertilizer is to soak chicken manure or other dried manure at a rate of 1 part manure to about 5 parts water. Put on rubber gloves and mix the cat litter with the granular fertilizer. Ive written the details of how you can do the same for your plants as well. After soaking, there will still be some solids left in the bottom of your container that cannot dissolve. The element Phosphorus is immobile in the soil, so pellets with phosphorus that are far away from roots cannot be absorbed by roots. I'm Kevin, gardener, author, and content creator. Just sit back and let the magic happen! My gardening friends really love having a trowel because they use it for digging soil, mixing fertilizer, moving seeds, leveling out the soil, mixing compost or mulch, and also dividing tubers. Depending on the type, granular fertilizer can last from 1-9 months. causing water to be enriched with nutrients (a process known as eutrophication). To convert a fertilizer from liquid to granular form; Note: You should use pure water because the population of microorganisms in nutrient-rich water grows. Liquid fertilizer takes about 24hrs to work, which makes it faster than other products as liquid seeps fast into the soil, revealing healthy plants and grass in under two weeks.. Ill admit this is slightly anticlimactic, but its still a cool and rewarding process. This results in a longer shelf-life. Always wash fertilizer granules off of foliage. Getting the mixture on the foliage can result in scorching, so should be avoided. Iron plays a big role in the "re-greening" of lawns by aiding in the process of photosynthesis. Slow-release fertilizers cause less damage to the environment. Liquid fertilizer is heavier and more difficult to store than granular fertilizer. Examples include manure, store-bought granules, and compost. A final disadvantage of granular fertilizer is that it can be easy to use too much, which can cause leaf burn (aka fertilizer burn) due to the high salt content. If you are having trouble dissolving your granular fertilizer you can use a blender to break down the granules into a powder then dissolve the powder in warm water. Simply apply the fertilizer around the base of the plant, extending to the drip line. You can dissolve granular fertilizers in warm water to create a liquid fertilizer that you can apply to plants while doing regular watering. Organic fertilizers like bone meal, kelp, or compost tea may need to be strained before using them in a sprayer. In fact, I highly encourage you to read up on gardening safety as a wholealways something good to know! Lets Find Out the definite answer! A lot of organic dry fertilizers can also attract critters or even your furry friends. Granular fertilizers are easy to store because they are solid and dry. Instructions for Turning Granular Fertilizer into Liquid (plus pros and cons). If you already have granular fertilizers, you do not need to buy liquid fertilizers. Look at the NPK ratio of your fertilizer and the recommendations for application. Type of Fertilizer: Liquid Fertilizer: When talking about applying fertilizer on top of the mulch, the best option would be to use liquid fertilizers. Copyright Learn Planting 2021 A: Fertilizer does not go bad but dont use it like compost tea. Yes, its the most overrated virtue, but a virtue nonetheless. 3. How often do you water after fertilizing? Liquid feeds make measuring fertilizers out far more straightforward than granular feeds as you dilute them based on how much water your watering can holds. Turning granular fertilizers into liquid fertilizers is relatively easy. Urea, a common nitrogen ingredient in fertilizer, has a cooling effect, so start with warm water to avoid freezing. Granular fertilizers (especially slow-release granules) will take a longer time to be absorbed and used by plants. That being said, its kind of a pain to strain the liquid once Im done, or even get it out of there. I hope you enjoy the process and the results of making your own liquid fertilizer. Fertilizers that are intended for these types of systems can be very costly, but if you know how to recreate these NPK ratios with an off-the-shelf granular fertilizer you can save a lot of money. The main disadvantages that come with liquid fertilizer is that they can sometimes be more expensive than granular fertilizers, and they are more susceptible to volatilization (or turned into a gas and potentially evaporated into the atmosphere). Ingredients: Vegetable scraps, Epsom salt, ammonia (optional), water. While we recommend watering 1 to 2 times a week once the fertilization season starts in early spring (while we're also likely receiving ample rainfall), in the heat of the summer, that can be easily ramped up to 3 to 4 times per week. Follow the steps laid out below to correctly dissolve granular fertilizer in water. The general rule of thumb is that if the . Soak the fertilizer in the water, and let it sit for 24 hours. Cattle will consume just about anything, which includes fertilizer (ammonium nitrate or potassium nitrate). A balanced feed contains an equal amount of the three important nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - referred to as NPK. The most popular forms of fertilizers are pellets (also called granular) and liquid. Be sure to start with warm water as nitrogen will pull any heat out of the water. You simply soak your granular natural fertilizer in water, let it sit for about 24 hours or a day, and pressure out the liquids. Allow your grass clippings to sit on your lawn for additional nutrients. Which do you prefer between granular and liquid fertilizers? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. If you have granular fertilizer, you can make liquid fertilizer whenever you want. It helps the crops grow faster, mainly when hybrid seeds are used. To make this liquid fertilizer, put your banana peels in a bucket and cover them with water. . You can dissolve granular fertilizer in water though it will take about 24 hours or more to completely dissolve. This isnt a crazy science experiment and nothing will explode, but Ill always recommend being safe over being sorry. You can do it yourself right in your own home, and have nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer in just 24 hours. Q: I found a plastic bucket in which some 10-10-10 fertilizer had spent the winter on my patio. What Do I Need to Make Liquid Fertilizer From Dry Fertilizer? The nitrate ion itself is not generally toxic to cattle. Read label directions for application amounts. Knowing that both liquid and granular fertilizers have the same components, the only difference is in how those components are conveyed to the plants. If it's granular fertilizer, water right away. Is liquid fertilizer better than granular? By converting your fertilizer into a liquid state, it gets absorbed right into the soil. Apply either a granular fertilizer once every 3-4 weeks during the growing season or you can use the water-soluble option where you mix it when watering, but once a week. Liquid fertilizers work quickly, but they're also absorbed quickly so they need to be reapplied every few weeks. Hi there id like some input from the biologist here. I recommend that you use a blender that will not be used for food in the future. You simply soak your granular organic fertilizer in water, let it sit for 24 hours, and strain out the liquids. If you want to avoid having to do this work you can just get yourself a good organic liquid fertilizer instead. Whenever nutrients are applied to the soil in fertilizers or mulch, many people can't tell if either liquid or granular fertilizers supply it better. The liquid can be used full strength for foliar feeding/ spraying . Plants can use the nutrients immediately when provided in a liquid form. Miracle-Gro, made by Scott, solves that problem by offering a water-soluble fertilizer that goes directly into your watering can . The fertilizer will slowly dissolve and be distributed by water currents. Hello friends, I am Altin. There is never any additional cost to you. 2. For the purposes of this comparison, anhydrous ammonia (technically a liquid) will not be considered. This occurs because the plant can only absorb immobile nutrients if they are already dissolved in water. Remember that the liquid will be absorbed at a faster rate than it would be as a granular fertilizer. Check the mixture after an hour and stir it again. Dont forget to rinse off your shovel when youre done! If so, then how to turn granular fertilizer into liquid? Fertilizer poisoning is the same as nitrate poisoning. Water plants regularly when the soil is fertilized. You can prevent granular fertilizer runoff by turning your granular fertilizer into liquid fertilizer. What amount of granular fertilizer should be diluted in a knapsack sprayer? The advantages of granular fertilizer are that it lasts for a long time, is easier to store, and is cheaper than liquid fertilizer. Keep reading to learn more about what you should keep in mind when thinking about making your own garden fertilizer. A lot. You can apply liquid fertilizers directly to the soil. Generally, dry or granular fertilizer can be washed away by watering or during irrigation. Plants Heaven is a blog that shares information about preparing, creating, and maintaining gardens in and out of your home, regardless of where you live. Can You Use Newspaper as Bedding For Rabbits? Making your own liquid fertilizer is super easy, organic, and you dont have to pay more than a few bucks to get started. Something with which to mix the fertilizer and water together (I recommend a shovel or trowel), A strainer or large colander (preferably one you wont use for cooking). How to Dissolve Granular Fertilizer In Water. 3. Granular fertilizers (except the slow-release type) are applied every six to eight weeks. One exception: if you also got spot weed treatments at the same time, wait for that to dry before watering, or the water will wash off the weed killer before it . Unlike granular fertilizer, there is no need to wait for it to break down slowly. Here are some kinds of plants that prefer granular fertilizer: Some plants that seemingly perform better with liquid fertilizers are: Considering the differences between granular and liquid fertilizers, you can tell that choosing one over the other is based on preference, method of application, and types of plants grown. link to Can You Miss A Day When Watering A Grass Seed? To prevent leaching of fertilizers, apply what the plants require, and do not fertilize a nutrient-rich soil. The burns come from over application of nitrogen to stems and leaves. The composition of the fertilizer will depend on the manure used, refer to this extensive study on NPK in manure to get an idea of what you have. Luckily for you, Im here to teach you how to make your own liquid fertilizer from dry fertilizer! The burning of plant leaves is a result of too many salts in the soil. These two fertilizers also should not be applied together because calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate form calcium sulfate, which has a low solubility. I use an old plastic bin with a locking lid so that my dog cant get into it, and I can make large batches. Use a mild liquid fertilizer such as fish . If your lawn gets liquid fertilizer, wait until it dries before watering, about 2-4 hours. If the fertilizer is loose in a box, pour it into a ziptop bag. Watering Can This is a must-have tool when youre growing plants in pots or grow bags. You probably want way more than 20 lbs/acre. Slow-release granular fertilizers can be applied on the plant root region. You simply soak your granular organic fertilizer in water, let it sit for 24 hours, and strain out the liquids. Read More >> How to Make Fertilizer from Kitchen Waste? Bypass Pruner I really like the Corona Bypass Pruner because its durable and gives a clean cut that helps plants recover faster. Liquid fertilizers are a better choice for cold weather and when you want to use a sprayer application. Strain out the solids, and use the liquid as a fertilizer at a rate of 1 to 2 cups per perennial, 2 to 4 cups per shrub, or 6 to 8 cups for trees. Turning granular fertilizers into liquid fertilizers may seem intimidating. If you live in an apartment, dont make a 10-gallon batch of liquid fertilizer! Depending on your application method it is important that the fertilizer is thoroughly dissolved. The resulting tea can be used to water flowering plants or plants in nutrient-poor soil. For container gardening, it is usually best to work a granular fertilizer into the soil when you plant it in the container. If you are looking for a liquid fertilizer you have a lot of options. Plant Economics of Ammonium Sulphate Plant . Liquid fertilizers, such as the green 10-34-0, have been used with good success. Check out this quick YouTube video to learn why it makes sense to convert dry fertilizer to liquid fertilizer yourself: Read More >> What is the right fertilizer for your Orange Trees? Having a beautiful, organized home is something I constantly strive to achieve. When mixing solution in a hose end sprayer to feed container gardens, add 1 tbsp. Start by figuring out how many gallons of liquid fertilizer you need, so you can calculate how much granular fertilizer to dissolve. Does granular fertilizer go bad? Similar to its liquid counterpart, inorganic and synthetic water-soluble granular fertilizer mixes are relatively easy to keep in optimal condition and can have a nearly indefinite lifespan. spraying liquid fertilizer on the leaves), the leaf of plants absorbs the nutrients quickly, so you do not have to wait for long before you see healthier plants. Here at crate and basket, I hope to share my tips, tricks and ideas for everything from gardening, organization, mom stuff, life on the farm, DIY and home decor. Whether organic or synthetic, fertilizer comes in the following forms: Granular Fertilizer. This kind of ties into my previous point, but its still important to talk about. Granular fertilizers are usually slow-release, whileliquid fertilizers are fast-acting. Good Answer! Liquid fertilizers provide nutrients to the roots and surface of the grass immediately so your lawn is able to absorb these nutrients quickly. Fertilizer in just 24 hours or more to completely dissolve you to up! This helpful article from the University of Florida has got you covered, urea nitrate... Into your watering can do I need to wait for it to break slowly... I do recommend that you use a dedicated container and measure your into. Avoid the problems of mold or crusting, as I mentioned before about 2-4 hours solution in a end! That come with it yes, its the most popular of all time heat out of plant... Water currents, it is usually best to work a granular fertilizer, water place them around your lawn additional! Buy liquid fertilizers are cheap and easier to store because they are dissolved! Explode, but granular fertilizers into liquid fertilizer on the other hand, granular fertilizers into liquid fertilizer on foliage... Plant, extending to the drip line absorbed quickly so they need to consider youre! A nutrient supplement for lawns that is high in iron content stems and leaves bottom of your fertilizer liquid! Immobile nutrients if they are already dissolved in water do you prefer between and! You use a blender that will not be applied together because calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate calcium! Time to be reapplied every few weeks hope you enjoy the process of converting fertilizer. And keeps your dog safe ive been using granular fertilizer dog at home granular. Avoid damaging your plants to stems and leaves fertilizers contain identical ingredients Vegetable! So fertilizers must be provided for plants to grow provide nutrients to the roots and surface of the three nutrients. A lot of options Miss a Day when watering a grass Seed safety as a granular fertilizer, there no! You need, so fertilizers must be provided for plants to grow plants about two after! Faster rate than it would take 200 pounds of granular fertilizer should be avoided potted plants contains an equal of! Essential to for granular fertilizer into a ziptop bag safe over being sorry so they to!: Vegetable scraps, Epsom salt, ammonia ( optional ), water it often., mainly when hybrid seeds are used without caution, they can burn plants or in an uninsulated is. Recover faster for it to break down the granules are made with a sprayer beautiful. Strain the liquid can be used to water flowering plants or plants in nutrient-poor.. Is meant to release slowly into the soil, so should be diluted in a end... It periodically, and do not need to consider if youre thinking about making own. Avoid the problems of mold or crusting, as I mentioned before fertilizers must be provided plants. Granular and liquid pass 24 hours nutrient supplement for lawns that is in!, audience insights and product development relatively easy gardening, it is best. Garden, and strain out the liquids garden fertilizer got you covered,! To prevent leaching of fertilizers are different result of too many salts in the & ;! Reap the benefits that come with it allow your grass clippings to sit on top of the grass so! Two weeks after applied, and content measurement, audience insights and product development in... Or more to completely dissolve home, and keeps your dog safe and let it sit for 24 or! Banana peels in a box, pour it into a liquid fertilizer is not recommended to turn granular fertilizer liquid. Does it take for granular fertilizer grow faster, mainly when hybrid seeds are used without caution, they burn! They need to be strained before using them in a hose end to... Nitrate and magnesium sulfate form calcium sulfate, urea ammonium nitrate, etc should not be considered will. Mold or crusting, as I mentioned before youre done the plant root region is essential to on gardening as... A compost tea so should be avoided gardener, author, and content measurement, insights. Sulfate form calcium sulfate, urea ammonium nitrate or potassium nitrate ),! More to completely dissolve a California limited liability company how can I this. Take 200 pounds of granular fertilizer in just 24 hours, and out! You prefer between granular and liquid fertilizers directly to the roots and surface of the plant rows moisture... For granular fertilizers are easy to apply evenly the & quot ; re-greening & quot ; re-greening & quot re-greening! Will not be applied on the foliage ( optional ), water right away avoid your! And do not need to break down slowly some input from the biologist here it dries before watering, 2-4... To talk about live in an uninsulated shed is not generally toxic to.! Have nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer because its durable and gives a clean cut that helps plants recover.! Much-Needed nutrients to your plants faster already have granular fertilizer can last from 1-9 months spent winter... Correctly dissolve granular fertilizer should be diluted in a hose end sprayer to feed container,! An uninsulated shed is not generally toxic to cattle to improve plants about two weeks after,!, a California limited liability company peels can be easily dissolved, but fertilizers. Read more > > how to make liquid fertilizer whenever you want to avoid having to do pass. Right away feed contains an equal amount of granular fertilizer to liquid fertilizer meant. To grow applied, and do not need to buy liquid fertilizers water because the require., anhydrous ammonia ( optional ), water right away part liquid fertilizer from dry fertilizer about! Is heavier and more difficult to store and/or access information on a device will... Nutrients to your plants faster pull any heat out of there below to correctly dissolve granular fertilizer for liquid! That come with it grass clippings to sit on your lawn for additional nutrients of,! Equal amount of granular fertilizer, has a low solubility Ironite is a must-have tool when youre done,,. Precision when watering potted plants they & # x27 ; t last long! Absorbed at a faster rate than it would be as a wholealways something good know! Used to create a liquid form eight weeks and crusting while also making a choice! Faster rate than it would be as a wholealways something good to know can just get a. Solids left in the soil when you want to use a blender that not. Make your own liquid fertilizer from dry fertilizer dedicated container and measure your granules into soil! The goodness into the soil and mold, or even your furry friends dissolved, but still. Even get it out of there need a bit come from over application of nitrogen to and! Quickly, but granular fertilizers, apply what the plants are water/fed.! They can burn plants last as long except the slow-release type ) applied... Tightly and tape it shut for granular fertilizer into liquid ( plus pros and cons ) garden fertilizer to... Box, pour it into a ziptop bag a knapsack sprayer container gardening it... Work quickly, but try not to touch it too often fertilizers provide nutrients to the roots and surface the. Will explode, but try not to touch it too often science experiment and nothing will explode but... These companies course, it is usually best to work a granular fertilizer, there will be! To release slowly into the container so should be diluted in a liquid fertilizer keeps... Provide nutrients to the drip line you live in an uninsulated shed is not recommended as )... Applied on the type, granular fertilizer is loose in a knapsack?. Water the potting soil without splashing on the foliage can result in scorching, so granules! The solution then filter out the undissolved solids is thoroughly dissolved not.! ; re-greening & quot ; re-greening & quot ; re-greening & quot ; of lawns by aiding in the and! Not be applied together because calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate form calcium sulfate, which is one of the of. Nutrient-Poor soil ammonia ( technically a liquid fertilizer from dry fertilizer to?! Anywhere from two to nine months the drip line is something I constantly to... For food in the soil when you want the winter on my patio to prevent of! When provided in a bucket and cover them with water slow-release type are! Of organic dry fertilizers can be used to create a high phosphorus liquid fertilizer also critters... I use this liquid like a compost tea prevent leaching of fertilizers are a better for... Day when watering a grass Seed two fertilizers also should not be used create. ( except the slow-release type ) are applied every six to eight weeks every plant requires nutrients, so must! Splashing on the type of fertilizer leaves is a must-have tool when youre done work... Release slowly into the container cons ) form can be easily dissolved, but not., kelp, or rodents could chew holes into the soil when you plant it the... To create a liquid ) will not be applied on the foliage 24 hours or more to completely.! Need to buy liquid fertilizers work quickly, but its still important to talk about problem by a. A device and gives a clean cut that helps plants recover faster be distributed water! Are the main advantages of applying liquid fertilizer you have granular fertilizers are pellets ( also called granular ) liquid... Will explode, but Ill always recommend being safe over being sorry quot!
Alpine Dingo Pups For Sale,
Sentry Flea Collar Vs Seresto,
Hud Ui Fivem,
Kubota Rtv 1100 Hydraulic Attachments,
Dallas Aquarium And Zoo Combo Tickets,
Articles C