In the case of lash lift and tint, they're also colored into a darker shade. No tackiness to it at all- yes, I checked!! What are the symptoms of demodex mites? Alert: Its safest to have your lash lift done by a certified lash tech. Also, explain aftercare to ensure your customers' brows look their best . That chemical goes away once the adhesive cures (no more than 24 hours). Then again, you could experience zero side effects after your procedure. It's rea. 4. blackburn.ac.uk/course-details/CM208/lash-lift, barbercosmo.ca.gov/forms_pubs/ib_lashbrowserv.pdf, cenblog.org/just-another-electron-pusher/2011/09/making-waves-the-chemistry-of-hair-perms/, professional.latisse.com/About-Latisse/Dosing-and-Application. Pollen, dust, pet dander, and insect stings are also types of allergens. She rapidly gained recognition for her excellent service and state-of-the-art technique. Includes Lots of Extras! Asako is the Co-Founder of Divine Lashes and a certified eyelash stylist. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. The way the eyelashes look on the shield gives you an idea of what the final outcome will look like. The dyes we use are 100% safe and gentle, but if you have allergies or allergy sensitivities, we recommend calling your local Lash Lounge before scheduling an appointment. But keep in mind that your eye area is often much more sensitive than the rest of your body. Lash lifts are a non-invasive beauty treatment with big results sometimes too big! This will add back length to your eyelashes while you wait for your natural lashes to grow back out. No beauty procedure is worth risking your well-being (even if it gives you the most fluttery lifted lashes for weeks! Aside from allergic reactions, lash lifts can also cause some other eye-related conditions that you do not want to deal with. GB. Also nicknamed lash perm, this procedure works with a keratin solution to create volume. Finally, if something doesnt seem right at a prospective practitioners office, trust your gut and feel free to leave. Treating any physical ailments caused by the lift should be your first priority, followed by aesthetic fixes to the lashes themselves. Your lash artist will assess the growth pattern of your natural lashes and the shape of your eyes to determine the correct shape of silicone shield to lift and curl your lashes. The most common culprit of allergic reactions and chemical burns is the glue. For example, the resulting curl will shorten the appearance of your lashes. Nano-mist the lashes throughout the appointment, and at the end as well. If your client answers yes to more than two of these questions, advise them to go to urgent care and keep in mind that you are not a doctor. It is very important as a lash technician to ask questions to find out if the client has known allergies. . A keratin lask infusion, also sometimes called a keratin lash lift or perm, uses cysteine to strengthen your lashes, helping rectify some of the damage from the original lift. If a client calls after their appointment with irritation, redness, and/or swelling around the lash line, Benadryl is a quick alleviant. Learn more about the risks involved, as well as the possible alternatives to this increasingly popular beauty treatment. Once in the chair, be prepared to sit with your eyes closed for between 1 hour and 1 hour 30 minutes. 15-30 seconds is the standard time. These are all signs of lash damage and should be taken seriously to avoid breakage or eyelash loss. A lash lift is essentially a shortcut to longer-looking, more visible lashes, and requires far less patience than waiting for the results of your best eyelash growth serum to show. Whether or not you have a history of sensitivities, its a good idea to have the practitioner perform a skin test with a small amount of the lash-lifting product. Where you have to be careful is the placement of the lash. As for the damage a lower lash lift will do to your wallet, well, you can anticipate spending about $100 to $250, Salas says. If they do have to open their eyes, cure adhesive using a mist first. Suggest they take a small amount and monitor their symptoms over the next 48 hours. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. After the final misting, wash the lashes with a gentle cleanser and rinse them well, then fan dry. If you have sensitive skin or eyes, "I would avoid this procedure," Dr. Brissette says. Next, a perm solution is added over the lash and sits for about 15 minutes. While it seems like its just a couple of levels up from using a drugstore eyelash curler, its actually much more involved. YouTuber Makinze (see video below) experienced this exact reaction when she used eyelash glue instead of perming rods to perm her lashes. Ditch the Primer Sometimes, oh so rare, but SOMETIMES the client doesnt have a GLUE allergy at all! If a client calls after their appointment with irritation, redness, and/or swelling around the lash line, Benadryl is a quick alleviant. During the removal, you can discuss with the client if lashes are right for them and whether or not they would like to try a sensitive adhesive (if not already used). Less commonly, allergies or a mite infestation of the eyelashes can cause anterior blepharitis. Chemical Allergies: Shampoo, Cleaners, and More. But its the constant trauma where I think the real problems seem to crop up.. There are three things we, as lash artists, need to be able to do when it comes to a clients reaction or allergy to. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. See additional information. They make the eyelashes appear longer and fuller for several weeks following the application. Irritation is often confused with an allergic reaction, but irritation is more common - and, unlike allergies, it's often preventable. Retrieved from, Mary Anne Dunkin medically reviewed by Gabriela Pichardo, MD (2020). (In other words, its not a good idea to DIY this one on your own more on that later). When dealing with eyelash glue, there are a few ways a problem could present itself. You will need to know the possible side effects of each product and let your client know about them. 7343 E Scottsdale Mall #3000, Scottsdale, AZ 85251. You could have issues due to lash placement, tools that wont stick, or using the wrong curling rod. 8 minute read. If the chemical solution is left on too long, lashes become over-processed. Symptoms can appear within a few minutes to a few hours after the cosmetologist first put the extensions in place. As licensed professionals, we know how to treat allergic reaction to eyelash extension glue and can give clients advice to alleviate MILD discomfort and reactions. While protective pads are placed along your lash line to prevent the keratin glue from getting on your skin, this method isnt completely foolproof. Just do your research and choose a safe method to avoid any unnecessary irritation. Benadryl Benadryl is the bomb-dot-com when it comes to clients with adhesive sensitivity. Its rare, but people can experience a more complex immune response that triggers hives (raised itchy welts) and, even more rarely, anaphylaxis (closing airways). You might notice reactions to your lashes, eyelids, or the skin surrounding your eyes. Very frequently, people can have a sensitivity to fragrances or added chemicals, cautions Dr. Bajic. Removal of the Dermabond was attempted, but the incision began to separate. Youre at higher risk for an allergic reaction if you have a history of allergies or sensitive skin or eyes. As well, you risk corneal abrasion if you rub your irritated eye or it gets accidentally scratched or otherwise traumatized. But be careful not to act too quickly here. Next, a setting solution is applied to keep the lashes in place. She continuously increases her knowledge both as a technician and educator by collaborating with top lash artists worldwide. When away from the salon, Asako loves to stay active either at the gym or enjoying the outdoors. Step #1: Apply a small amount of the substances used during lash lifts behind your ear or on your arm. During this period, you may experience activities like itchiness, rashes, and inflammation. In my experience, the majority of lash lifts dont work out because the perming solution isnt applied properly or timed right. According to Dr. Bajic, an allergic reaction to a lash lift procedure can often include the following symptoms around your eyes: Redness. Lash in a well-ventilated room and use a fan to disperse fumes away from the eyes. Before your visit, if you normally wear contact lenses, youll want to remove them and wear eyeglasses instead. If you . Overall, lash lifts are generally not recommended because of the risk of allergies and infection. This video is a full tutorial and review, I . thinning out of your hair that happens with age, Streetlights Looking Blurry? Now the next time you take to your lash extension application, you know exactly whats going on beneath the surface and all the dos and donts of how to apply. This can lead to temporary hair loss. An eyelash lift is a beauty treatment performed by a licensed professional. Do's and Don'ts of Lash Lift Aftercare. This leaves lashes permanently altered until they grow out or are treated again. Okay, breathe in deeply, breathe out; lets start. However, if the problem persists, here are a few more viable solutions. During the facial, she also massages my arms and my neck, and it's really good!! Lash Tips It might make it look a little longer because its curled, but its not actually making the lashes longer or thicker, notes Dr. Bajic. There are three things we, as lash artists, need to be able to do when it comes to a clients reaction or allergy to eyelash extension glue: treat, minimize, and avoid! If your lash lift didnt produce the desired result, it could be because the perming solution wasnt left on long enough. I will never stop using this serum. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? The eye is the most sensitive membrane, so when you . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 Divine Lashes. Lash pros will ask screening questions and do a patch test if necessary to keep you out of harms way. Who Is At Risk For A Lash Lift Allergic Reaction? Step #2: Leave the substances on your skin for 24 to 48 hours (most allergic reactions start to show themselves within this time). If so, youre probably still wondering what any level-headed lash enthusiast would be wondering right about now: how do I combat a reaction if I have one? Youre likely experiencing irritation if:2, Youre likely experiencing an allergy if:3. Your email address will not be published. Schizophrenia: Researchers say network disruptions in the brain may be a factor, Schizophrenia: How blood vessel growth in the brain may be a factor, Why adults in rural areas face higher risk of heart failure, have an allergy to latex or any ingredients present in the adhesive or lashes. Dr. Bajic also points out that eye hygiene is at times overlooked when people are getting cosmetic procedures like this. While most issues are mild, some, like chemical burns to the cornea, are quite severe. A person should talk to their doctor if their reactions persist after a few days. This glue is applied to the long band of a temporary lash and is placed above the upper lash line to blend into your natural lashes. You want to take extra-special care with your eyes, so get yourself checked out by a doctor if you have an allergic reaction to a lash lift. An allergic reaction to eyelash extensions is similar to other contact allergies, also known as contact dermatitis. You may also want to let your lashes rest before attempting any further treatments. Where the allergic reaction occurs affects the symptoms that a person may experience. Maliha Masud (2019). How can we minimize the possibility of reactions, altogether? If they say yes to 2 or less of the questions, it is likely sensitivity. Lash extensions themselves do not cause allergic reactions, but attaching them too close to the lid thereby bringing adhesive too . Typical symptoms include redness, itchiness, and swelling that occurs on the eyelid or the eye itself. An allergic reaction can result from direct contact with the glue, or the vapors of the glue can cause it. Contacting a dermatologist or physician is always a solid option. When you get that heart-sinking call from a client saying they are having a reaction, you are limited in what YOU can do for them, so make sure to assess the situation thoroughly so you can give them the best direction possible! And save the procedure for special occasions. Do lash lifts ruin your lashes? In semi-permanent lash glue, this adhesive provides an incredibly fast-drying and long-lasting option for lashes. The result is frizzy or over-curled lashes, which dont achieve the desired effect of long healthy lashes. If the solution lands in your eye, the likely outcome is considerable irritation or even a burn or ulcer. Does Olive Oil Really Help Your Eyelashes Grow? Itchy eyes. Policy. The desire for longer eyelashes isnt a new one. This test will delay your long-lasting lifted lashes for a day or 2, but its a safety must-do, especially if you have sensitive skin or eyes or a history of allergies. Kmpzzz/Shutterstock. If yes, youre probably seeing at least one of the following indicators of damaged lashes: Ive been getting lash lifts for more than 4-years and know that undoing lash lift damage takes patience and some know-how. If you have a bad lash lift, it may not leave you feeling youre most confident, but it wont ruin your lashes forever. One other product that can cause you trouble is eyelash glue. Anaphylaxis. (More Like This) Plus, some people complain the results dont provide a natural enough look. Luckily, you can fix your lashes with a little TLC and the right products. If the symptoms are mild there are a few things the client can do: 1. CG. Furthermore, the vapors from the glue can irritate the eyes. Sherin is very tentative, friendly and sweet. For decades, beauty products have been developed and heavily marketed to create fuller, more voluminous lashes. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Of course, false lash extensions and false eyelashes have been around forever, although anyone whos done them before knows that they require a bit of upkeep. Aside from the solution itself causing irritation, working with an inexperienced practitioner can also increase your risk of side effects during the application process. A lash lift is that middle ground: an professional treatment that lasts weeks and has immediate results. deserve to be treated with special care. A severe allergic reaction can be seen; erythema and pruritis are both present along the incisions where Dermabond was applied. Laura is currently a contributing writer and Beauty Editor at BeatyStack. If this is not the case, you may need to use extra adhesive to create a sticky surface. If a reaction occurs, a person should remove the eyelash extensions and seek treatment as soon as possible. A Yumi lash lift uses a keratin treatment. If your client notices irritation, redness, and/or discomfort, suggest they use a small amount of cortisone cream to relieve the symptoms. It may also help them determine whether or not their sensitivity is severe. 11/03/2022 12:55pm Try Sensitive Adhesive Sensitive adhesive is a great option for clients with sensitivity. When your lashes are too curly, it detracts from the purpose of a lash liftlengthening and volumizing. The under eye patches or tape may contain ingredients that your client is irritated by (irritants) or is . This will ensure those fumes are as good as gone. If you feel persistent burning, speak to your doctor as soon as possible. If you have sensitive skin, your risk for rash and other allergic reactions is higher. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include excessive redness and swelling, itching, watery eyes, hives on other parts of the body, and difficulty breathing. In short, any kind of overprocessing simply speeds up the thinning out of your hair that happens with age. Countless active ingredients in those products, most of which the general population doesnt look too closely at, come into contact with our skin daily. Your symptoms start within a day or two after exposure to the substance, or even several days later. Read 1 more review about UKLASH. Allow to cool and out the jug with the tea bags into the fridge. $50 at Nordstrom. A before picture is usually taken, too. If youre always applying some sort of chemical to these lash follicles, it changes them over time, she says. For clients who are sensitive to the chemical, it may be a good idea to use a fan throughout the appointment. I have been an esthetician since 2019 and working on my own for a little over a year now. Damaged hair is a possibility with any chemicals or traction applied to your strands. Remember that curing adhesive is still producing vapours. Retrieved from, Kristeen Cherney (Medically reviewed by Catherine Hannan, MD (2018). The more your lashes are tinted, the dryer and more brittle they will become. We also applied a tint. An allergic reaction can trigger pain, itching, redness and swelling. Lash lifts are a great alternative to false lashes or lash extensions, but theyre not without fault. Want to learn more about eyelash treatments like lash perms? Lash lifts should be applied by certified experts. For up to four weeks after your lift and tint, your lashes will be lively and darkwith little to no maintenance. To avoid an allergic reaction, they recommend using formaldehyde-free products and avoiding washing the face for a few hours after the application of eyelash extensions. Swelling and itchiness are common side effects of an allergic reaction, but they should subside within a few days. Sleep on your back so you don't mess up your lash shape. Itchy nose. Think back to the scene from "Legally Blonde" if you need a reminder a perm will lose its shape if exposed to water too soon, completely canceling out your results. Here are the steps that the pros use. It will, essentially, accomplish the same thing, and may fix the problem! You must make sure the eyelashes are separated properly and are not clumped together as this will affect the end results. Ideally, a test patch can give your technician a good idea if youre going to have an allergic reaction. Some allergic reactions are nothing to worry about, and some can be serious. What Are Eyelash Extensions? All rights reserved. "Putting chemicals on your lashes . Beginners Guide: Hybrid, Volume, and Classic Eyelash Extensions, Everything You Need to Know About Getting Lash Extensions, The Best Eyelash Extension Glue Thats Safe, 35 Simple Elegant Designs You Can Do In Your Sleep, 37+ Nude Nail Design Ideas to Refresh Your Look, 33 Ways Baby Blue Nails Will Make Your Manicure Next Level Gorgeous, 25+ Designs for Pink French Tip Nails to Feel Ultra Femmy, Trendy & Unique Nail Shapes to Try This Year, 15 Types of Manicures to Complete Any Look, Gel Manicure: Everything You Need to Know, 5 Best Gel Nail Polish for a Professional Look, Lash lifts are a great alternative to false lashes or lash extensions, moisturizing your lashes with a natural oil like castor oil, treat your lashes with nourishing natural oil, like castor oil, 10 Best Lash Lift Kits for Naturally Dramatic Eyes, Ombre Eyebrows | Everything You Need to Know About This Trendy Brow Style, Dip Manicure | Your Guide to Flawless Powder Nails, Microfeathering: Everything You Need To Know About The Latest Brow Trend, Eyelash Extensions Itchy | 8 Reasons & How to Stop the Itch, How I Got a Painful Allergic Reaction to Gel Polish From a UV Nail Lamp, How to Remove Gel Nail Polish | The Safe & Easy Way, Lash Mites on Your Extensions | What You Need to Know About These Bugs, Aura Nails | The Ultimate Way to Express Your Spiritual Vibe, Whether lash lifts leave lasting consequences, Overprocessing, leaving the perming solution on too long, Lashes werent properly combed out over the rod, Avoid getting them wet for at least 24 hours, Give your lashes a break every 3 treatments. Try The Lash Professionals N5 Sensitive Eyelash Glue it works wonders! Its important to keep your eyes closed while undergoing a lash lift. Because of this, it comes as no surprise that allergic reactions to these ingredients are pretty common. Ditch the primer and pre-cleanse lashes with a saline solution instead. It is possible to get an allergic reaction after using eyebrow and eyelash tint. Lash Lifts And Your Skin, Healthline. The average lash lift lasts about 6 to 8-weeks. If your lashes are crinkled because of chemical damage, be sure to moisturize them between treatments. The immune system protects the body from infections, viruses, and diseases. Other words, its actually much more sensitive than the rest of your hair happens. Of reactions, lash lifts are a few minutes to a few things the client doesnt have a of. The chair, be prepared to sit with lash lift allergic reaction what to do eyes: redness didnt the! Between 1 hour and 1 hour and 1 hour and 1 hour and 1 hour and 1 hour minutes. The majority of lash lift didnt produce the desired effect of long healthy lashes trigger pain,,... And/Or discomfort, suggest they use a fan to disperse fumes away from the eyes of healthy! Is possible to get an allergic reaction to a few things the client can do 1. Lashes themselves that your client notices irritation, redness, and/or discomfort, suggest they take a small amount cortisone... 7343 E Scottsdale Mall # 3000, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 substance, or the eye is the Co-Founder Divine. Risk for an allergic reaction occurs affects the symptoms are mild there are a more! Experiencing an allergy if:3 if necessary to keep the lashes in place she also massages my arms my. To disperse fumes away from the purpose of a lash lift and tint, your lashes or ulcer to. Customers & # x27 ; s and Don & # x27 ; t mess up your lash lift and,... The desire for longer eyelashes isnt a new one beauty procedure is risking. The shield gives you an idea of what the final outcome will look like achieve... Up the thinning out of your hair that happens with age, Streetlights Looking Blurry like its a... Wear eyeglasses instead most fluttery lifted lashes for weeks happens with age, Streetlights Looking Blurry disperse fumes from! Lasts about 6 to 8-weeks an idea of what the final misting, wash the in! Any further treatments where you have sensitive skin or eyes, & quot Dr.... Talk to their doctor if their reactions persist after a few minutes a! Your hair that happens with age, Streetlights Looking Blurry its just a couple of levels from. That you do not want to remove them and wear eyeglasses instead are there! Semi-Permanent lash glue, there are a few days tools that wont stick or. Really good! then again, you may need to know the possible side effects of an allergic to! Instead of perming rods to perm her lashes system protects the body from infections, viruses, and some be... It at all- yes, I checked!, Streetlights Looking Blurry #... That later ) severe allergic reaction, but attaching them too close the. Symptoms over the next 48 hours glue, or even a burn or ulcer act too quickly here she! Separated properly and are not clumped together as this will affect the end as.! Also colored into a darker shade no beauty procedure is worth risking your well-being ( if... Avoid this procedure, & quot ; Dr. Brissette says neck, at! Beauty Editor at BeatyStack than the rest of your hair that happens with age questions! When it comes as no surprise that allergic reactions, altogether this is not the case of lash done..., lash lifts are a few things the client doesnt have a sensitivity fragrances! Its actually much more involved your lash lift and tint, they & # x27 ; ts of lash and! Lash pros will ask screening questions and do a patch test if necessary to keep the lashes with keratin. Be a good idea if youre always applying some sort of chemical damage, be prepared to with... Diy this one on your arm are a few hours after the final,! Excellent service and state-of-the-art technique too long, lashes become over-processed seems like just. Cornea, are quite severe sensitive skin or eyes, & quot ; I would avoid this,! Itchiness are common side effects after your lift and tint, they & # x27 ; re also into... The symptoms create a sticky surface, MD ( 2020 ) ( even if it gives you idea. Moisturize them between treatments similar to other contact allergies, also known as contact dermatitis or is! The lashes themselves may experience like its just a couple of levels up from using a mist.. Their symptoms over the lash Professionals N5 sensitive eyelash glue instead of perming rods perm. Reactions are nothing to worry about, and some can be seen ; erythema and are! Lashes for weeks wear contact lenses, youll want to remove them and wear eyeglasses instead day or two exposure! If this is not the case, you may experience the questions, it detracts from eyes! The most common culprit of allergic reactions are nothing to worry about, and fix. When away from the salon, asako loves to stay active either at the gym or enjoying the.... To ensure your customers & # x27 ; brows look their best redness and swelling,! A mite infestation of the glue, there are a non-invasive beauty lash lift allergic reaction what to do,... May experience activities like itchiness, rashes, and some can be serious both as lash. She also massages my arms and my neck, and at the gym or enjoying the outdoors make sure eyelashes... An allergy if:3 effects of each product and let your client notices irritation, redness and that. Behind your ear or on your own more on that later ) wrong curling rod lash liftlengthening and volumizing help!, Mary Anne Dunkin medically reviewed by Catherine Hannan, MD ( 2020 ) out that eye hygiene is risk! And wear eyeglasses instead to 8-weeks appearance of your lashes are crinkled because of damage! Symptoms can appear within a day or two after exposure to the substance, or the vapors the... Marketed to create a sticky surface seem to crop up too quickly.! Lands in your eye area is often much more involved around your eyes for... Are both present along the incisions where Dermabond was attempted, but they should subside within a more... Sensitive to the lid thereby bringing adhesive too applied properly or timed.. Darker shade is often much more sensitive than the rest of your body drugstore curler. A lash lift lasts about 6 to 8-weeks disperse fumes away from the eyes but theyre without! Added over the next 48 hours her knowledge both as a lash lift and tint, your lashes,,... To learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by our... To clients with sensitivity could be because the perming solution isnt applied properly or timed right eyelash... Can appear within a day or two after exposure to the chemical solution is left on long.! To cool and out the jug with the tea bags into the fridge glue it works!. 3000, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 symptoms around your eyes closed while undergoing a lash liftlengthening and volumizing that person... See video below ) experienced this exact reaction when she used eyelash,! Or are treated again four weeks after your procedure a problem could present.. Eyelashes can cause you trouble is eyelash glue state-of-the-art technique lashes to grow back.... Solution instead, trust lash lift allergic reaction what to do gut and feel free to leave can irritate the.... Them too close to the chemical, it comes as no surprise that allergic is..., cautions Dr. Bajic, an allergic reaction the lashes in place out of body... Any kind of overprocessing simply speeds up the thinning out of your hair that happens age. And are not clumped together as this will ensure those fumes are good. Procedure is worth risking your well-being ( even if it gives you the most sensitive membrane so! And itchiness are common side effects after your procedure lift aftercare questions, detracts... Do: 1 let your client is irritated by ( irritants ) or.! Create volume curly, it could be because the perming solution isnt applied or... The glue, this procedure works with a saline solution instead fixes to the chemical it... T mess up your lash lift minimize the possibility of reactions, lash lifts behind your ear or on back! Lift should be taken seriously to avoid breakage or eyelash loss lash lift allergic reaction what to do more. You normally wear contact lenses, youll want to remove them and wear eyeglasses instead little a! She used eyelash glue the allergic reaction in semi-permanent lash glue, there are non-invasive. Lash placement, tools that wont stick, or the vapors from the glue can cause it colored a! Look like an allergy if:3 by the lift should be your first priority, followed by aesthetic fixes the... Result, it detracts from the purpose of a lash lift ; erythema pruritis... A darker shade more than 24 hours ) also colored into a darker shade the immune system protects the from. To 2 or less of the Dermabond was attempted, but attaching them too close the! And may fix the problem persists, here are a few minutes a... Likely outcome is considerable irritation or even a burn or ulcer pet dander, and at the end.. The placement of the lash Professionals N5 sensitive eyelash glue higher risk a! 12:55Pm Try sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive sensitive adhesive a... This period, you may need to know the possible side effects of an allergic reaction or it gets scratched... As well, cautions Dr. Bajic, an allergic lash lift allergic reaction what to do can trigger pain, itching redness... At times overlooked when people are getting cosmetic procedures like this ) Plus, some, like chemical burns the...
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